Abstract

Big data is a new manifestation When the era of globalization and post-industrialization has developed to a certain stage.It not only possesses the technical attributes of high speed，diversity and large capacity，but also possesses the social attributes of great value and concern for related relations.These characteristics of big data make the society show the features of mobility，diversification，virtuality and interdependence.They bring convenience to human life and production，meanwhile they also bring many problems to the government's social governance.The existing government models of all the countries in the world are management-oriented government models that fundamentally meet the requirements of the development of industrial society.The management-oriented government relies on the bureaucratic system in the organizational structure，is control-oriented in the governance model and forms the center-periphery structure in the governance structure.In the industrial society era of low complexity and low uncertainty，the structure and characteristics of these organizations owned by the management-oriented government can well meet various social governance issues and effectively resolve various contradictions and conflicts，and greatly promote the development of industrial social productivity.

However，the advent of the era of big data has rapidly increased the level of complexity and uncertainty in society.As a result，on the one hand，the management-oriented governments face the challenge of data security，massive data problems and scientific decision-making of data in social governance；On the other hand，the control model and the center-periphery governance structure also face the impact of big data，showing the failure of control in the information，relying on the policy tools，public goods and public services supply，and facing the trend ofdecentralization in information flow，the right to construct policy issues and the main body of social governance.

For a long time，because the management-oriented government always advocates the concept of competition，follows the institutionalist step by step approach and follows the one-way linear thinking model based on facts in dealing with issues.Therefore，it not only fails to accurately identify and effectively deal with the challenges and impacts of big data，but it often misses the best time to tackle the crisis，and further aggravates social crises and conflicts.As a part of the cooperative governance system，the service-oriented government advocates the concept of cooperation，insists on the principle of flexible and innovative guidance with activism，and insists on the value-based non-central network thinking，which can effectively in-depth understand of the nature of the problem behind the identification of complex data，and take flexible measures to respond to real-time changes in the problem.In addition，the open，shared，forward-looking philosophy that the big data advocates coincides with the service-oriented government building concept.So the service-oriented government has sufficient advantages in managing big data.It means that in order to deal with the challenges and shocks of big data，we must speed up the transformation of the government model and push the government from managed-oriented government to service-oriented government.

However，the transition from “break” of managed-oriented government to “establishment” of service-oriented government requires a transitional phase and a connecting bridge，and the big data is an intermediary.Although the social characteristics that big data presents exacerbate the high degree of complexity and uncertainty in the era of globalization and post-industrialization，its features and the open，shared and forward-looking philosophy it advocates have provided a solid foundation for the actions of actors to work together to cope with the complexity and uncertainty of big data，and provide a steady stream of momentum.In view of this，this paper proposes that big data should be used as the basis for cooperative governance action to promote government governance reform，and as the basic resource for cooperation to jointly tackle the challenges and impacts of big data through the cooperation of big data stakeholders.At the same time，through the further promotion of cooperative governance action，we should promote the governance reform of the government so as to realize the transformation of the government model，and transform from management-oriented government into service-oriented government.The service-oriented government represents a kind of “rule of virtue” governance model which is different from “rule of power” and “rule of law”.Correspondingly，the service-oriented government also needs to have a completely new rule system.This kind of rule is different from the former “control” rule，but a brand new rule system under the model of service-oriented government.It focuses on “guidance”in function orientation and has more“moral”attributes in value orientation.At the same time，the functions of the government must also be changed accordingly.In the cooperative governance action，the government must abandon the past “restricted” and “controlled” thinking models and establish the orientation of “promotion” and “service”.

Key Words：big data；managed-oriented government；service-oriented government；collaborative governance；rules