国际课程生物核心词汇
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112 calculate/ˈkælkjuleɪt/ vt.计算;预测

337频

calculate the amount of sth.计算某物的量

例 Calculate the overall rate of decrease in number of tigers between 1900 and 2010.计算1900年到2010年间老虎数量的总体减少率。

113 calibrate/ˈkælɪbreɪt/ vt.校准,标定

24频

calibrate a thermometer标定温度计

Make sure you calibrate the apparatuses before you start the experiment.在进行实验之前,一定要把相关仪器校准好。

114 capable/ˈkeɪpəbl/ adj.能够……的;足以胜任的,

有能力的

8频

be capable of doing sth.能够做某事

The epithelial cells are capable of cell division by mitosis.上皮细胞能够进行有丝分裂。

115 capacity/kəˈpæsəti/ n.能力;容量;生产量

27频

ability

capacity for doing sth.做某事的能力

Which substance in tobacco smoke decreases the oxygen-carrying capacity of haemoglobin?烟草烟雾中的哪种物质会降低血红蛋白的携氧能力?

116 capsule/ˈkæpsjuːl/ n.荚膜;(植物的)荚;胶囊

11频

space capsule太空舱

Many prokaryotes also have a cell wall and capsule.许多原核生物也有细胞壁和荚膜。

117 captive/ˈkæptɪv/ adj.圈养的;被关起来的;受控制的

n.俘虏

26频

captive market垄断性市场

The young captive fish are fed processed food.圈养的幼鱼被喂以加工过的食物。

118 categorise/ˈkætəɡəraɪz/ vt.……归类

8频

categorise the plants into four groups把这些植物分成四类

State why lung cancer is categorised as a non-infectious disease.请说明为什么肺癌被归类为非传染性疾病。

119 causative/ˈkɔːzətɪv/ adj.成为原因的,起因的

36频

causative agent病原体

What do the causative agents of HIV/AIDS, malaria and TB have in common?艾滋病毒/艾滋病、疟疾和结核病的病原体有什么共同之处?

120 cause/kɔːz/ vt.引起

n.起因;理由;事业

141频

breed (v.)

with/without good cause理由充分/无缘无故

Which short-term effects of smoking are caused by carbon monoxide?吸烟的哪些短期影响是由一氧化碳引起的?

121 cereal/ˈsɪəriəl/ n.谷物;谷类食物

28频

breakfast cereals谷类早餐食物

Farmers in some parts of the world grow legume crops together with cereal crops in the same field.有些地区的农民在同一块地里种植豆类作物和谷类作物。

122 certificate/səˈtɪfɪkət/ n.证明;证书

vt.发证书

135频

marriage certificate结婚证

The data are collected from databases at cancer clinics and from online death certificates.这些数据是从癌症诊所的数据库和在线死亡证明中收集的。

123 chain/tʃeɪn/ n.链条;一系列;束缚

vt.用锁链拴住

134频

a chain of supermarkets连锁超市

When investigating ecosystems, food chains and food webs are constructed.研究生态系统时,通常会构建食物链和食物网。

124 chamber/ˈtʃeɪmbə(r)/ n.(人体、植物或机器内的)腔,室;房间

14频

burial chamber墓室

Cardiac muscle is made up of many fibres that form the walls of the chambers of the heart.心肌是由许多纤维组成的,这些纤维构成了心腔的壁。

125 chance/tʃɑːns/ n.可能性;机会;偶然

v.冒险

8频

by chance偶然地

Which method reduces the chance of developing this disease later in life?哪种方法可以减少日后患上这种疾病的可能性?

126 change/tʃeɪndʒ/ n.变化;找零

v.(使)变化,更替

400频

social change社会变革

The graph shows changes in blood pressure during one cardiac cycle.下图是一个心动周期内血压的变化。

127 channel/ˈtʃænl/ n.通道;渠道;方法

vt.将(精力或情感)专注于

29频

communication channel交流渠道

Explain why a channel protein is needed for ions to pass across a cell membrane.请解释为什么离子通过细胞膜需要通道蛋白运输。

128 charge/tʃɑːdʒ/ n.电荷;费用

v.收(费);给……充电

8频

charge £20 for dinner收20英镑的餐费

DNA fragments carry a small negative charge. DNA片段带有很小的负电荷。

129 check/tʃek/ v.检查,核实;克制

n.检查

13频

check over sth.仔细检查某事(物)

例 Check that you have completed Question 1 from step 9 on page 6.请检查是否已完成第6页步骤9中的问题1。

130 chronic/ˈkrɒnɪk/ adj.慢性的;积习难改的;(局势或问题)严重的

49频

chronic unemployment problem长期存在的失业问题

Suggest why a person with chronic bronchitis is more likely than a healthy person to suffer from infectious diseases of the gas exchange system.请说明为什么慢性支气管炎患者比健康人士更容易患上气体交换系统的传染病。

131 circular/ˈsɜːkjələ(r)/ adj.圆形的;环行的;循环论证的

81频

circular building圆形建筑物

In front of the lens is a circular piece of tissue called the iris.在晶状体前面有一块圆形的组织,称为虹膜。

132 circumference/səˈkʌmfərəns/ n.圆周长;圆周

5频

the circumference of the earth地球的周长

The earth is almost 25,000 miles in circumference.地球的周长约为25,000英里。

133 circumstance/ˈsɜːkəmstəns/ n.情况;客观环境

6频

in/under no circumstances无论如何都不

Explain the circumstances that cause the closing of the semi-lunar valves during the cardiac cycle.请解释在心动周期中导致半月瓣膜关闭的情况。

134 classify/ˈklæsɪfaɪ/ vt.……分类;界定,划分

25频

categorise

be classified into three categories分为三类

All the coral reefs in three regions were classified as being at low, medium or high risk of damage.三个地区的所有珊瑚礁都以低、中、高三种被破坏风险等级而分类。

135 clinic/ˈklɪnɪk/n.(医院的)门诊部,诊所;专科医院

5频

the local family planning clinic当地的计划生育诊所

Sperm from a donor is collected in a clinic, and can be stored at a low temperature for many months or even years.捐赠者的精子是在门诊部收集的,可以在低温下储存数月甚至数年。

136 clip/klɪp/ n.回形针;别针

v.夹住;修剪

9频

hair clip发夹

Do not use staples, paper clips, glue or correction fluid.请勿使用订书钉、回形针、胶水或修正液。

137 closure/ˈkləʊʒə(r)/ n.关闭;倒闭

10频

factory closures工厂倒闭

Describe the role of abscisic acid in the closure of stomata.请描述脱落酸在气孔关闭中的作用。

138 cloudy/ˈklaʊdi/ adj.浑浊的;阴天的,多云的

12频

a cloudy day多云的一天

When the mixture is shaken, a cloudy precipitate of protein forms.晃动混合物时,形成蛋白质的浑浊沉淀。

139 coagulation/kəʊˌæɡjuˈleɪʃn/ n.凝结,凝固

27频

blood coagulation血凝

The student added acid to known concentrations of milk protein and observed a range of coagulation.这名学生在已知浓度的牛奶蛋白中加入了酸,并观察到一系列凝结现象。

140 coast/kəʊst/ n.海岸,海滨

v.靠惯性滑行;毫不费力地做

10频

a trip to the coast海滨旅游

The Guna people of Panama have a small population and mostly live on many small islands off the coast of Panama.巴拿马的古纳族人口不多,大多居住在巴拿马海岸外的许多小岛上。

141 coastal/ˈkəʊstl/ adj.靠近海岸的;沿海的

7频

coastal scenery沿海风景

Unlike most marine turtles, flatback turtles spend most of their time in coastal waters.与大多数海龟不同的是,平背龟大部分时间都在近海水域生活。

142 coat/kəʊt/ n.外壳;外套

vt.……涂上一层

6频

cookies coated with chocolate有巧克力涂层的曲奇

Each grain is surrounded by a hard coat, so that it can survive in difficult conditions.每一粒谷物都被一层坚硬的外壳包围着,这样它就可以在艰苦的条件中生存下来。

143 code/kəʊd/ n.代码;行为规范;法规

v.编码

49频

error code错误代码

The table shows DNA codes for these amino acids.下表是这些氨基酸的DNA代码。

144 coefficient/ˌkəʊɪˈfɪʃnt/ n.系数

8频

the coefficient of friction摩擦系数

Maize seeds with different‘inbreeding coefficients’were used in this experiment.用具有不同“近交系数”的玉米种子进行实验。

145 coil/kɔɪl/ v .盘绕,卷

n.卷,圈

5频

a coil of wire一圈金属线

It coils up into a spiral, making it very compact.它盘绕成螺旋形,非常紧凑。

146 collapse/kəˈlæps/ v.&n.(肺或血管)萎陷;倒塌;崩溃

15频

a state of mental collapse精神崩溃状态

Some alveolar cells produce a surfactant that helps to prevent the collapse of alveoli on exhalation.有些肺泡细胞会产生一种表面活性物质,帮助防止肺泡在呼气时萎陷。

147 collar/ˈkɒlə(r)/ n.领子;(狗或猫的)项圈

vt.抓住;拦住(某人以与其)谈话

5频

white collar白领

Explain how a population of collared lizards that became isolated on an island could evolve to form a new species.解释孤岛上与世隔绝的一群环颈蜥是如何进化成一个新物种的。

148 collect/kəˈlekt/ vt.采集;聚集;领取

33频

collect stamps集邮

Soil from under bracken and under brambles was collected and placed in two funnels.采集蕨菜下和荆棘下的土壤,放入两个漏斗中。

149 combination/ˌkɒmbɪˈneɪʃn/ n.结合体;组合

34频

in combination with sth.与某物结合

In mammals, some carbon dioxide is transported by red blood cells in combination with haemoglobin.在哺乳动物体内,某些二氧化碳是由红细胞与血红蛋白结合运输的。

150 combine/kəmˈbaɪn/ v.结合;兼具;兼做

37频

bind

combine A with B使A与B相结合

Which two molecules combine to form a molecule of sucrose?哪两个分子结合形成一个蔗糖分子?

151 comment/ˈkɒment/v.评价,发表意见

n.评论;批评

9频

comment on/upon sth.对某事发表意见

例 Comment on the ethics of producing transgenic pigs showing the features described.请对具有上述特征的转基因猪的繁殖进行伦理方面的评论。

152 commercial/kəˈmɜːʃl/ adj.商业的;商业化的

n.广告

11频

commercial vehicles商用车辆

Lipase is an enzyme with many commercial uses.脂肪酶是一种具有多种商业用途的酶。

153 common/ˈkɒmən/ n.共同之处;公用区域

adj.共同的;常见的

73频

share a common interest in photography在摄影方面兴趣相投

State two features that mitochondria have in common with prokaryotes.请说出线粒体与原核生物的两个共同特征。

154 communication/kəˌmjuːnɪˈkeɪʃn/ n.交流;传递;通信

5频

communication systems通信系统

Chemicals known as plant hormones or plant growth regulators are responsible for most communication within plants.被称为植物激素或植物生长调节剂的化学物质负责植物内部的大部分交流。

155 compact /kəmˈpækt/adj.紧凑的;紧实的;小型的

vt.……紧压在一起

6频

a compact camera袖珍照相机

This reagent is thought to assemble DNA into compact structures.有人认为这种试剂可以将DNA组装成紧凑的结构。

156 companion/kəmˈpænjən/ n.同伴;伙伴

91频

travelling companions旅伴

Which features of companion cells are essential to their function?伴随细胞的哪些特征是实现其功能所必需的?

157 compare/kəmˈpeə(r)/ v.比较;与……类似

120频

compare A with B比较A与B

Which statement correctly compares blood plasma and tissue fluid in a healthy person?下列关于健康人体中血浆和组织液的比较,哪种说法是正确的?

158 competitive/kəmˈpetətɪv/ adj.竞争的;有竞争力的;一心求胜的

127频

competitive advantage竞争优势

Which is correct for competitive inhibitors of enzymes?关于竞争性酶抑制剂,哪一项是正确的?

159 complete/kəmˈpliːt/ adj.完全的;完整的

vt.填写(表格);完成

438频

complete the questionnaire填写调查表

Which molecules would result from the complete hydrolysis of the peptide?肽完全水解时会产生哪些分子?

160 complex/ˈkɒmpleks/ adj.复杂的;费解的

n.建筑群;相关联的一组事物

40频

an industrial complex工业建筑群

The organism has a very complex life cycle as it has two hosts, a human and a mosquito.这种生物的生命周期非常复杂,因为它有两个寄主:一是人类,二是蚊子。

161 component/kəmˈpəʊnənt/ n.组成部分;部件

48频

car components汽车零部件

Phospholipids are components of cell membranes.磷脂是细胞膜的组成部分。

162 composition/ˌkɒmpəˈzɪʃn/ n.成分;组合方式;作品

25频

combination

the chemical composition of soil土壤的化学成分

The composition of cell membranes of plants changes in response to changes in temperature.植物细胞膜的成分随着温度的变化而变化。

163 compound/ˈkɒmpaʊnd/ n.化合物;混合物

adj.复合的

46频

organic compounds有机化合物

Dinitrophenol (DNP) is a compound used as a herbicide.二硝基苯酚(DNP)是一种用作除草剂的化合物。

164 concentrated/ˈkɒnsntreɪtɪd/adj.浓缩的;集中的

19频

make a concentrated effort to do sth.全力以赴做某事

These washing liquids are concentrated solutions and need to be diluted with water to reach their‘working’concentrations.这些洗涤液是浓缩溶液,需要用水稀释才能达到它们的“工作”浓度。

165 concentration/ˌkɒnsnˈtreɪʃn/ n.浓度;专注;集中

581频

concentration on environmental issues对环境问题的关注

Each field was irrigated regularly with a different concentration of salt solution.每一块田地都定期用不同浓度的盐溶液灌溉。

166 concerning/kənˈsɜːnɪŋ/ prep.关于,涉及

17频

concerning the question关于这个问题

Which statement concerning transpiration is correct?以下关于蒸腾作用的说法中哪一项是正确的?

167 conclusion/kənˈkluːʒn/ n.结论;结束;签订

98频

draw conclusions from sth.从某事中得出结论

Suggest one conclusion that can be made from these results.提出一个可以从这些结果中得出的结论。

168 condense/kənˈdens/ v.浓缩;凝结;压缩

8频

concentrated (adj.)

condense the article into two pages将文章压缩至两页

Chromosomes condense and the nuclear membrane disappears.染色体浓缩,核膜消失。

169 condition/kənˈdɪʃn/n.条件;状态;环境

vt.使适应

70频

adjust (v.) , adapt (v.)

heart condition心脏病

The environmental conditions for the two species were the same.这两个物种生存的环境条件是相同的。

170 conduction/kənˈdʌkʃn/ n.传导

34频

heat conduction热传导

One possible effect of alcohol on the fetus is to change the speed of nerve conduction.酒精可能会影响胎儿的神经传导速度。

171 confidence/ˈkɒnfɪdəns/n.可信程度;信心;信任

50频

confidence in sth./sb.对某事或某人的信任

State what information is gained by calculating the confidence intervals.请说明通过对置信区间的计算获得了哪些信息。

172 confidential/ˌkɒnfɪˈdenʃl/ adj.机密的;隐秘的

99频

confidential information机密情报

All the data shall be treated as strictly confidential.所有资料均应严格保密。

173 confirm/kənˈfɜːm/ vt.证实,确认;批准

11频

confirm an appointment对预约进行确认

State which statistical test could have been used to confirm this conclusion and give a reason for your choice.请说明哪种统计检验可以用于证实这一结论,并给出你选择这种检验方法的理由。

174 connective/kəˈnektɪv/ adj.连接的

n.连接词

6频

connective word连接字

Most of the dermis is made of connective tissue.大部分真皮是由结缔组织组成的。

175 consequence/ˈkɒnsɪkwəns/ n.影响,后果;重要性

8频

in consequence/as a consequence结果

Explain the consequences of an influx of potassium ions into the cell.请解释钾离子流入细胞的影响。

176 conserve/kənˈsɜːv/ v.保护;节约

n.果酱

12频

conserve energy节约能源

List three reasons why it is important to conserve endangered plant species.请列出三个必须保护濒危植物的原因。

177 consider/kənˈsɪdə(r)/ v.认为;思考;考虑

105频

all things considered从各方面来看,总而言之

The production of low-nicotine cigarettes and cigars is considered a strategy that may reduce the harmful effects of smoking.生产低尼古丁香烟和雪茄被认为是一种可以减少吸烟有害影响的策略。

178 consist/kənˈsɪst/ vi.……组成;存在于,在于

380频

consist in sth.在于

Some organisms, such as bacteria, consist of one cell only.有些生物(如细菌)只由一个细胞组成。

179 consistent/kənˈsɪstənt/ adj.一致的;持续的

8频

consistent growth in economy经济持续增长

Which conclusion is consistent with the data shown in the graph?哪个结论与图中数据一致?

180 constant/ˈkɒnstənt/ adj.不变的;不断的

n.常量

76频

consistent (adj.)

equilibrium constant平衡常数

Why does the concentration of X inside the cell remain constant after 150 s?为什么细胞内的X浓度在150秒后保持不变?

181 constrict/kənˈstrɪkt/ v.收缩;限制

5频

be constricted by rules and regulations受规章制度的限制

The artery has become constricted due to carbon monoxide.一氧化碳的摄入导致动脉收缩。

182 construct/kənˈstrʌkt/vt.构建;建造;创建

n.构想

5频

construct a theory创立一种理论

A woodland ecosystem was investigated and a food web was constructed.研究了一个林地生态系统,并构建了一个食物网。

183 consumption/kənˈsʌmpʃn/n.消耗;消费;(食物、饮料等的)摄入

25频

reduce alcohol consumption减少饮酒

The rate of oxygen consumption of each lizard was measured when it was at rest and when it was running.测量每只蜥蜴静止和奔跑时的耗氧率。

184 contact/ˈkɒntækt/ n.接触;联系;交往

v.联络

112频

lose contact with sb.与某人失去联系

When the indicator came into contact with the acid, it changed colour.指示剂与酸接触时会变色。

185 contain/kənˈteɪn/ vt.含有;克制(感情);防止……蔓延(或恶化)

201频

contain alcohol含酒精

The cells in the roots of beetroot plants contain a red pigment.甜菜根部的细胞含有一种红色素。

186 container/kənˈteɪnə(r)/ n.容器;集装箱

41频

container ship集装箱船

Equal volumes of five concentrations of sodium chloride solution were placed into five containers.将等量的五种浓度的氯化钠溶液放入五个容器中。

187 contaminate/kənˈtæmɪneɪt/ vt.污染;玷污,腐蚀

24频

contaminate food污染食物

A sample of tree sap, rich in sugars, was found to be contaminated with yeast.发现一份富含糖分的树液样本被酵母污染。

188 content/ˈkɒntent/ n.含量;内容;目录

61频

food with a high fat content脂肪含量高的食物

The students also collected samples of soil at different distances from the pond edge and estimated the water content.同学们还在距池塘边缘不同距离处采集了土壤样本,并对含水量进行了估计。

189 continue/kənˈtɪnjuː/ v.持续;继续;留任

55频

continue doing sth.继续/持续做某事

Some cells have too many growth factor receptors on their surface and so the cells continue to divide, forming a tumour.有些细胞表面有太多生长因子受体,因此细胞持续分裂,形成肿瘤。

190 continuous/kənˈtɪnjuəs/ adj.连续的;延伸的;(语法)进行式的

28频

constant

a continuous line of boats一排船只

Mycoprotein is produced using a continuous culture method.霉菌蛋白是通过连续培养的方法生产的。

191 continuously/kənˈtɪnjuəsli/ adv.连续不断地,反复地

5频

stir continuously连续搅拌

Embryonic stem cells are able to replicate continuously.胚胎干细胞能够连续不断地复制。

192 contract/kənˈtrækt/ v.收缩;感染(疾病);与……签约

/ˈkɒntrækt/n.合同

31频

constrict (v.)

enter into a contract with sb.与某人签订合同

Which statement explains why the ventricles contract after the atria?下列哪项说法能解释心室在心房之后收缩?

193 contribute/kənˈtrɪbjuːt/ v.是导致……的原因之一,促使;捐献

39频

contribute A to B向B捐献A

Which factor might have contributed to the spread of HIV/AIDS?哪个因素有可能导致了艾滋病毒/艾滋病的传播?

194 control/kənˈtrəʊl/ vt.控制

n.控制;约束;控制权

228频

traffic control交通管制

Fungi that grow on crops are controlled with fungicides.生长在农作物上的真菌是通过杀菌剂进行控制的。

195 conventional/kənˈvenʃənl/ adj.常规的;传统的;依照惯例的

5频

conventional morality传统道德规范

Suggest advantages of using TENS for pain relief instead of more conventional treatment.请说出用经皮电刺激神经疗法代替传统疗法缓解疼痛的优势。

196 conversion/kənˈvɜːʃn/ n.转化,转变;皈依

10频

conversion into/to...转换为……

Catalase is an enzyme that catalyses the conversion of hydrogen peroxide into water and oxygen.过氧化氢酶是一种将过氧化氢催化转化为水和氧气的酶。

197 correlation/ˌkɒrəˈleɪʃn/ n.关联,相关性

35频

Spearman's rank correlation斯皮尔曼等级相关

It was epidemiologists who discovered the correlation between lung cancer and cigarette smoking.是流行病学家发现了肺癌和吸烟之间的关联。

198 correspond/ˌkɒrəˈspɒnd/ vi.相对应,符合;相当于

5频

correspond to/with sth.与某事相符

Which points on the curves correspond to the percentage saturation of haemoglobin at the lungs and at the liver?曲线上的哪些点与肺部和肝脏的血红蛋白饱和度百分比相对应?

199 cover/ˈkʌvə(r)/ v.覆盖;包含

n.覆盖物;掩护

109频

contain (v.)

under the cover of sth.在某物的保护下

Some pathogens are covered in cell surface membranes from their host.有些病原体覆盖在寄主的细胞表膜上。

200 critical/ˈkrɪtɪkl/ adj.临界的;极重要的;批判性的

30频

critical factor关键因素

The probability for each value was found using the critical values from a probability table.每个值的概率是通过概率表中的临界值找到的。

201 critically/ˈkrɪtɪkli/ adv.极度地;严重地;批判地

10频

a critically important moment至关重要的一刻

The Sumatran tiger is categorised as critically endangered on the IUCN Red List.苏门答腊虎在世界自然保护联盟红色名录上被列为极度濒危物种。

202 cube/kjuːb/ n.立方形的东西;立方体;三次幂

vt.把(食物)切成小方块

46频

sugar cubes方糖

1 cm3 cubes were cut from beetroot tissue and washed in running water for 20 minutes to remove any pigment released from damaged cells.从甜菜根部组织中切下1立方厘米的方块,在自来水中冲洗20分钟,以去除受损细胞释放的色素。

203 cull/kʌl/ vt.&n.选择性捕杀(为防止动物种群量过多而杀掉其中一定数量)

8频

cull A from B从B中挑选出A

One method used to conserve red squirrels on an island involved culling all the grey squirrels.有一种保护岛上红松鼠的方法是捕杀掉所有的灰松鼠。

204 cultivation/ˌkʌltɪˈveɪʃn/ n.种植;培养

11频

the cultivation of a good relationship良好关系的培养

The cultivation of wheat requires fertile lands.小麦的种植需要肥沃的土地。

205 culture/ˈkʌltʃə(r)/ n.培养物;培植;文化

vt.培养

116频

popular culture大众文化

The cells in the culture were fed every two days with fresh amino acid solution.每隔一天给培养物中的细胞添加一次新鲜的氨基酸溶液。

206 cure/kjʊə(r)/ vt.治愈;解决;矫正

n.疗法

6频

cure the environmental problems解决环境问题

Which diseases can be cured by the use of antibiotics?哪些疾病可以通过抗生素治愈?

207 current/ˈkʌrənt/ n.电流;水流

adj.现在的;流行的

5频

ocean currents洋流

A direct current is passed continuously through the gel.直流电连续通过凝胶。

208 cut/kʌt/ v.切;修剪;削减

n.伤口

142频

cut the taxes减税

例 Cut the ends off each piece of plant tissue.切下每一块植物组织的末端。

209 cylinder/ˈsɪlɪndə(r)/ n.圆柱体;(发动机的)气缸

30频

gas cylinder气罐

Each cylinder of potato tissue must be cut to the same length.每个圆柱形的土豆组织必须切成相同的长度。