东南亚女性的政治参与
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五 研究思路

女性政治参与包括对大众政治和权力政治的参与,因此本书不仅研究东南亚女政治家参与立法、行政、司法权力,而且研究一般女性参与选举、游行集会、革命与战争等活动,研究妇女组织和妇女运动,这也是女性大众政治参与的一部分。

同时,基于女性主义观点“个人的也是政治的”,本书不仅研究女政治家和一般女性的政治行为,而且研究妇女组织和女政治家在维护妇女权利,诸如婚姻改革、反对家庭暴力、性暴力、性骚扰等方面的努力,也是女性政治参与的重要组成部分。

实际上,个人与国家、家庭领域与公共领域、妇女解放与民族解放、妇女运动与政治民主化、女性主义者与政治家,从来都不是分离的,女性政治参与不仅是后者的重要基础,也促进了后者的发展和进步。

首先,本书以妇女运动和妇女组织的发展作为女性政治参与的基础。在东南亚各国政治发展的各个阶段,妇女组织和妇女运动都是大众政治参与的重要组成部分。殖民地时期妇女觉醒,妇女组织出现,妇女运动兴起,提出婚姻改革、教育、经济、政治权利等要求。民族国家独立初期,妇女组织进一步发展,妇女运动比较活跃,在婚姻改革、教育、经济和政治权利方面提出更多要求,并取得初步成果。在威权统治时期,非政府妇女组织受到一定压抑,妇女运动不够活跃,女性在教育和经济参与上取得较大进展,但在政治参与上进展缓慢。在民主转型时期,妇女组织和妇女运动空前活跃,女性政治参与,不论是大众参与还是权利参与都大大提高,导致立法和决策的性别主流化程度有所加强。可以说,妇女组织和妇女运动高度关注女性议题和妇女权利,将其上升到公共领域和政治领域,推动有关友善妇女的立法和决策,加强了性别主流化。

其次,参与民族运动、民主运动、战争和革命是女性政治参与的重要内容。在殖民地时代,女性积极参与民族独立斗争,在国家危急关头,女性积极参与革命和战争,在推翻威权统治的民主运动中,女性也积极参与。通过参加上述运动和革命,东南亚女性成功地进入公共领域和政治领域,提高了女性参政的能力和贡献,这不仅有助于女性议题成为公共议题和政治议题,而且有助于杰出女性的权力参与。

最后,女性权力参与是女性政治参与的重要标志。女性当选各级议员、法官、行政官员,甚至当选国家元首或政府首脑,参与立法和决策,在一定程度上有助于提高性别主流化。

总之,妇女运动与国家政治发展和女性政治参与密切联系在一起。妇女组织和妇女运动参与民族运动和民主运动,推动国家的民主化发展,促进了女性的权力参与。同时,妇女组织提出鲜明的女性议题,与政治家,尤其是女政治家合作,将女性议题带入立法和决策层面,促进性别主流化。


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