Chapter 3 认识篇章

Unit 1 篇章的分类

记叙文

考考你的眼力

找出下面这篇文章中的主题句。

Carle, a friend of mine, met a car accident at the age of 12. He was deprived of hearing since then. At the beginning, he couldn't accept the fact and he felt very miserable.

Carle was brought to America for the treatment when he was fifteen years old. Fortunately, Carle recovered the hearing partly but not fully. He needs to listen more carefully than normal people. Last year, we met in Losangeles while he was doing the last recovery treatment. Carle was so glad to see me. He told me about his treatment and study in the United States. Although he is in bad condition, he went on studying all the time.

Carle wrote to tell me the good news a few days ago that he had normal hearing and I felt so happy for him.

参考答案

He was deprived of hearing since then.

解析 文章在开头提到了卡尔在12岁时因为事故失去了听力，后文都是围绕这个主题展开的，即他被带去美国治疗，恢复了部分听力，去年他做最后的恢复治疗，他告诉“我”他的恢复情况，他努力学习，结尾段还提到卡尔写信告诉“我”他的听力正常了，这一系列的关键信息是what“何事”，其中还穿插着时间线when。

阅读攻略

记叙文是以叙述和描写为主的文体形式，一般是记人、叙事、写景、状物，主要内容是叙述人物的经历和事物的发展变化。记叙文的主题句一般出现在第一段中，而且下文都是围绕这个主题展开。在阅读英文记叙文时，需要掌握5个w和1个h，即5ws and 1h。5个w指的是何时（when）、何地（where）、何人（who）、何因（why）、何事（what）,1个h指的是怎么样。这6个要素可帮助读者快速理清事物的来龙去脉，从而理解整个故事。如果是故事类篇章，那么需要读者通过文章的细节来体会作者的写作意图。注：记叙文的叙述顺序有顺叙和倒叙两种，所以在阅读此类篇章时要从事物发展的情节来理解。

随手练一练

找出下面这篇文章中的主题句和记叙文的要素。

Once upon a time, there was a king who had four daughters. All they are old enough to get married.

The three elder daughters of the king were so beautiful that they got the favor of the king and queen. But the eldest daughter is very jealous; the second daughter has very bad temper and the third daughter is particularly hypocritical. Thus, no one would like to marry them in this country. Finally, the king ordered the sons of the three ministers to marry these three beautiful daughters. The king's youngest daughter had no beautiful appearance, and was often overlooked by the king and the queen. But the youngest daughter is very kind and hard-working, and all the young people in this country are willing to marry her. Finally, the little girl married the prince of another country.

A few years later, only the king's youngest daughter lived a happy life, and the three beautiful daughters often quarreled with their husbands. This story shows that morality is more important than appearance.

参考答案

主题句：This story shows that morality is more important than appearance.

要素：1．时间Once upon a time; a few years later;2．地点the country;3．人物daughters;4．事件get married;5．原因The three elder daughters of the king were so beautiful; the king's youngest daughter had no beautiful appearance;6．怎么样only the king's youngest daughter lived a happy life, and the three beautiful daughters often quarreled with their husbands

抒情文

考考你的眼力

找出下面篇章中的主旨句。

Life is never plain sailing. Everyone has to experience some setbacks and failures in the life. What is important is that don't lose the courage to try for failure.

Failure is not terrible, but sometimes it is commendable and needs to be cherished. The saying "Failure is the mother of success" means that we can learn something from failure. Some people are devastated when they fail, and then they never have the courage to try. Some people become more determined after going through a setback, and try repeatedly or change direction,and such a person is called a winner.

We have to be winners, not losers, and with the experience of failure, we can be closer to success.

参考答案

What is important is that don't lose the courage to try for failure.

解析 这篇文章是作者对失败的感悟，并提到了作者的态度，即正面的、积极的态度，抒发了作者希望人们面对失败不要气馁的感情。

阅读攻略

抒情文是作者通过直接或间接的方式抒发情感的一种文体。直接抒情文是作者直接表达出自己对人、物、事、景的感受和情感。间接抒情文是作者借助于对具体事物的描写来表达主题。在抒情文中往往出现排比句、对比句等抒情方法来烘托作者的情感。抒情文的主题句往往出现在作者表达情感的句子中，并不一定是出现在开头或结尾。在阅读抒情文时，需要整体理解篇章，体会作者表达的情感态度。

随手练一练

找出下面篇章中的主旨句和抒情方法。

Before we know it, summer is over, and autumn is coming slowly with rain. If we observe carefully, we can see the signs of autumn everywhere.

The annoying cicadas have stopped droning. The green leaves are turning yellow. The weather gradually becomes cooler, and rainy days start to make people sentimental. But the arrival of autumn also brings beautiful sceneries: golden crops, fruitful trees, and farmers' smiles.

Spring is the season for revitalization; summer is the season for all to work hard; autumn is the season when everything begins to come into fruition; winter is the season for all to rest. Each season has its own unique charm that is endearing to everyone, but I only love autumn.

For me, autumn isthe season of joy and harvest, and it is the time for people to have family reunions. I think this is the kind of life 1 have been longing for.

参考答案

主旨句：Each season has its own unique charm that is endearing to everyone, but I only love autumn.

抒情方法：Spring is the season for revitalization; summer is the season for all to work hard; autumn is the season when everything begins to come into fruition; winter is the season for all to rest.

演讲

考考你的眼力

找出下面篇章中的主旨句。

Ladies and Gentlemen,

I feel much honored to stand in this hall to make a speech. Although I had speeches in many parties, dances and concerts, the meaning of this speech is completely different to me. Today I want to say it's time for us to act, to make a contribution to save the earth.

Do you know millions of rare creatures on the earth have disappeared forever? Do you know that our friends—animals are in danger of constantly being shot by the hunter? Do you know that every year tens of millions of people around the world are suffering from the disease because of environmental pollution, most of whom are children? The earth we rely on has been in a disastrous state, which will take a lot of extreme weather and natural disasters to warn mankind. We humans are the culprits that caused all the suffering.

Can you imagine the picture that human beings can't survive on the earth? It is almost unimaginable, right? My friends, we should not blindly immerse in the industrial civilization and pleased with ourselves to forget the painful price we will pay.

My friends, I sincerely ask you to contribute to the protection of the earth, even if it is to donate some money. Thank you!

参考答案

Today I want to say it's time for us to act, to make a contribution to save the earth.

解析 这是一篇演讲稿，演讲稿的最大特点是一般会在开头直接讲出演讲的主要内容，也就是主旨。这篇演讲的第一段的结尾处就是主旨句。

阅读攻略

演讲类篇章是演讲者发表观点、交流思想、介绍事物等的一种文体。这类文章的特点是针对性强，主旨句一般出现在第一段，全文一共分为开头、主体和结尾三个部分。这类文章的主题句有明显的引出特征，比如I want to say that..., I want to say something about..．而且这类文章的结尾处一般都有与主旨句相呼应的内容。演讲者在主体部分多是通过道理、事实或故事等方式来进行说服或者劝告。这类文章的特殊性使得它的语言较口语化，读者理解起来较为容易。

随手练一练

找出下面篇章中的主旨句、总结句以及演说方式。

I'm here today to talk about dreams. Do you remember your dreams at the age of 10 and 20? What did you do in order to achieve these dreams?

When we are ten years old, our dreams may be more illusory and more distant from reality. Then what about our dreams when we are 20? In my opinion, the dreams of 20-year-old are most likely to come true. Let me share with you a story.

When I was 20 years old, I was a college student. My biggest hobby was writing and my dream was to become a writer. I often contributed papers to some newspapers and presses, but none of them has been approved by editors. I was very depressed. I thought I had no gift for writing and it was impossible to realize my dream. Even so, I did not give up writing and submission. In my senior year, quite unexpectedly, I received an interview invitation of a newspaper in which I often contributed. I was very pleased to participate in the interview and successfully accepted. I think they might be moved by my insistence. I worked in the newspaper for four years, where I follow different writers and editors to learn a lot. Then I began to try writing. When my first article was issued in the newspaper, I felt close to my dream. In this way, I slowly realized my dream.

In fact, there is no shortcut to realize dreams. Only by insisting and working hard can we make our dreams come true.

参考答案

主旨句：I'm here today to talk about dreams.

总结句：In fact, there is no shortcut to realize dreams.

演说方式：Let me share with you a story.

议论文

考考你的眼力

找出下面篇章中的主旨句。

Nowadays, many parents allow their children to contact electronic products at a very young age for study and other reasons, which is not a good phenomenon. Children should not touch electronic products too early.

First of all, the child's immunity is low, and the radiation of electronic products will cause certain harm to their health, especially to the eyes. Secondly, the child's curiosity is very strong. They may break the entire product for being interested in some parts, which would be a waste of money. Third, if children contact the electronic products for long term but not with their parents, the affection between them will become weak.

In my opinion, what children need is parents' companionship and proper guidance, not an electronic product.

参考答案

Children should not touch electronic products too early.

解析 这是一篇议论文，在文章的开头作者往往通过看法、现象等来引出自己的观点，也就是本文的论点，也是主旨句。

阅读攻略

议论文是通过摆事实、讲道理、辨是非等途径来表明作者主张的一种文体。这类文体的典型特征包含三点：论点、论据和论证。一般在开头引入论点，通过举例、讲道理等论据来说明论点，而论证则出现在结尾段，起到总结全文，与论点相呼应的作用。掌握这类文章的中心论点是理解文章的关键。这类文章中一般只有一个论点，通常出现在第一段中，结尾处的总结句并不是论点。在英文议论文中，其表示论点的句子常含有think, should, don't think, my opinion等与想法、态度相关的词语。

随手练一练

找出下面篇章中的论点、论据和论证。

Some people think that education does not have effect on occupation. I don't think this idea is right. On the contrary, I think education is one of the factors for the enterprise to consider when hiring people.

First, the education represents a person's degree of knowledge and learning ability, and the higher the degree of education, indicating the stronger ability to learn. So even if they work in an unfamiliar field, they can figure out how to handle their work in a short period of time. Second, education determines a person's choice of occupation in a large extent; the higher the degree, the more likely for you to choose high levels of work. Third, the majority of enterprises have definite regulations on educational background. If your qualifications are not qualified, your resume will not pass through the screening of enterprises so that you can't have access to the enterprise.

In a word, education does not mean everything, but education plays an important role in finding jobs.

参考答案

论点：On the contrary, I think education is one of the factors for the enterprise to consider when hiring people.

论据：First, the education represents a person's degree of knowledge and learning ability; Second, education determines a person's choice of occupation in a large extent; Third, the majority of enterprises have definite regulations on educational background.

论证：In a word, education does not mean everything, but education plays an important role in finding jobs.

说明文

考考你的眼力

找出下面篇章中的主旨句。

Rose is a common flower we often seen in daily life. As is known to all, rose is the symbol of love, especially red roses. On Valentine's Day every year, roses and chocolate are the essential things that people use to express love to their lovers.

In addition to expressing love, roses are popular in many ways. In fact, roses are edible and rich in vitamin C, but they don't contain sugar. Many foods, such as cakes, juice, jam, etc. can be added with roses as additional ingredients. Some fragrances are also made from roses because of their aromatic smell. This kind of perfume is very popular among women.

Surprisingly, more than one country around the world regard roses as the national flower, including the United States, Britain, Bulgaria, Spain and Luxemburg. In addition, roses are also used by some cities as their city flowers.

参考答案

Rose is a common flower we often seen in daily life.

解析 这篇文章是对玫瑰花的详细介绍，玫瑰花属于一种常见植物，该篇文章的目的是向人们介绍玫瑰花的一些知识。

阅读攻略

与其它文体不同，说明文是一种通过对事物的特征、功能、成因等方面进行说明来告诉人们知识的文体。说明文的目的是介绍事物，因此说明文表达的知识是直接的、集中的，语言更加简明。阅读这类文章时，首先要了解说明对象。说明文的说明对象一般出现在第一段中，也是该篇章的主旨句。而且说明文的段落结构主要有：并列式、递进式、连贯式、总分式和对照式。这些段落结构常常混合出现在一篇完整的说明文中。其次，根据说明对象来理解该事物的特征是什么，原因是什么，该事物是怎么样的。

随手练一练

找出下面篇章中的主旨句，并说明第二段的段落类型。

Whether it's a public university or a private university, the school either sets up an internship course or a community activity. Why is that?

The school sets up the curriculum or community activity firstly to cultivate students' practical ability. The internship experience is an important stepping stone for people looking for work.Without internship experience, people will have limited choices in their career. Secondly, these courses or community activities provide practice in all aspects and enrich the students' campus life. Thirdly, participating in community can exercise the students' ability of team work.

In summary, college students should make full use of these practical courses or communities to enhance their abilities.

参考答案

主旨句：Whether it's a public university or a private university, the school either sets up an internship course or a community activity. Why is that?

第二段的段落类型：并列式段落。

解析 第二段中有明显的表示次序的词firstly, Secondly, Thirdly，这些是判断段落类型的关键信息。

应用文

考考你的眼力

找出下面篇章中的主旨句。

Dear Marry,

I am glad to receive your letter and ask me how to learn English well. My advice is as follows.

Firstly, word is the basis for learning English. You should accumulate as many English words as possible. Secondly, if you want to speak English fluently, you should attend an English corner, for oral practice. Only by constantly practicing speaking can improve your spoken English. Moreover, you should also participate in the speech contest. Thirdly, if possible, you can make some friends who are English native speakers. You can learn English from them.

I believe you can learn English well. Come on!

David

参考答案

My advice is as follows.

解析 这篇文章是一封信件，信件属于应用文的一种。

阅读攻略

应用文是一种较为正式的包含各类体裁的文体。应用文主要包含书信、公告、通知、日记、启事、建议、规则等各类体裁。书信是最常见的应用文体裁，包含各类信件，如邀请函、感谢信、致歉信、祝贺信等。在不同的信件中有不同的应用句型，如I'd like to...（我希望）, Thank you very much for...（非常感谢）, My advice is as follows.（我的建议如下）等。应用文的语言比较规范和简洁，篇幅较短，一般不用完成时态。

随手练一练

找出下面篇章中的主旨句并指出文章中使用的时态。

Dear John,

How are you doing? I want to tell you something about me.

Last month, our school held a sports meeting. I signed up for the 100 meter race. On the day of the match, I played very well and won the first prize. I not only got a prize, but also praised by my teacher and my parents. My father also promised to take me to Disney Land.

Next week, we will move because my father got a new job. The new house is a little far away from my school, and I'm going to ride a bike to school. It's going to take 20 minutes. I've seen the new house. My bedroom is bigger than the one I live now so that I can put a desk in my room.

Reply to me soon.

Linda

参考答案

主旨句：I want to tell you something about me.

时态：一般现在时，一般过去时，一般将来时

科普文

考考你的眼力

找出下面篇章中的主旨句。

With the development of science and technology, human beings have discovered many factors that cause cancer, but age actually has the largest impact on cancer. The cells in human body are normal at birth, and replace new cells according to their own growth cycles. Some cells undergo gene mutation during the growth cycle, and then they grow out of control, and eventually become tumors. As the time going, gene damage increases in normal cells, increasing the risk of normal cells to become cancerous. Cancer cells lead to human death by absorbing nutrition in a human body and obstructing the normal operation of organs.

The life span of modern people is much longer than ancient people, which is because modern people have overcome diseases caused by malnutrition, infectious diseases and so on with science and technology. Although there are more cases of cancer in the modern society,scientists continue to make major breakthroughs in medicine, and some medical technologies can accurately diagnose cancer.

参考答案

With the development of science and technology, human beings have discovered many factors that cause cancer, but age actually has the largest impact on cancer.

解析 这篇文章在介绍人体细胞与癌症之间的关系，属于生物科学，这是科普文的一种。

阅读攻略

科普文与说明文有相似之处，但科普文旨在介绍科学技术和自然科学等方面的事物，针对性更强，科学性和知识性比说明文更集中。科普文一般通过描述类文字来说明事物，其段落结构有总分、分总、总分总、并列和转折这几类。科普文的主旨句有时并不明显，有时是对说明对象下的定义，需要整体浏览篇章后再理解。这类文章的主旨句的位置比较灵活，可在开头、文中和结尾。鉴于科普文的科学性较强，句子较难理解，读者可结合“Pass掉不必要的成分”来把握文章，但是很多细节问题是体现在那些附加成分中的。

随手练一练

找出下面篇章中的主旨句，并pass掉主旨句中不必要的成分。

GPS is a kind of technology which measures time and position with navigation satellites combined with satellite and communication equipment.

The main function of GPS is the navigation and positioning. This technique has been applied in aerospace, agricultural, industrial, transportation and other industries, and it has greatly increasing the safety of public transportation. GPS can work full time, and any change in the weather can't affect it. The high accuracy of GPS is the reason why it is mainly used. The GPS provides accurate data to help people in terms of positioning and timing, which not only saves time but also improves efficiency. In addition, GPS covers a global area of up to 98%, which means that GPS can navigate and locate in most areas around the world, even small villages.

GPS currently uses three-dimensional data, that is, longitude, latitude and elevation, and it is possible to include the fourth dimensions, namely, time in the future.

参考答案

主旨句：GPS is a kind of technology which measures time and position with navigation satellites combined with satellite and communication equipment.

Pass掉不必要的成分：GPS is a kind of technology.