绿色海绵般的水适应城市：哈尔滨群力雨洪公园A GREEN SPONGE FOR A WATER-RESILIENT CITY: QUNLI STORMWATER PARK, HARBIN

项目位置：中国黑龙江省哈尔滨市

项目规模：约30ha

设计公司：土人景观

获奖信息：2012美国景观设计师协会杰出设计奖

2013 世界建筑节-景观项目奖优秀奖

2014 Zumtobel Group奖城市发展与创举类提名奖

2014 罗莎芭芭拉景观奖入围作品

Location: Harbin City, Heilongjiang Province, China

Size: About 30ha

Design Firm: Turenscape

Awards: 2012 ASLA Award of Excellence in General Design

2013 WAF-Landscape Prize Excellence

2014 Zumtobel Group Award-Urban Development & Initiatives Category Nominated

2014 Rosa Barba International Landscape Prize Finalist

现在的城市并不是“水适应”的，并且地表水的泛滥造成了严重的水涝问题，正确运用景观设计学的原理可有效地治理水涝。雨洪公园可被连接并整合到不同尺度的生态基础设施中，作为绿色海绵来净化和储存城市雨水。

挑战与目标

由于世界各地不断扩大的城市化，且研究表明气候变化导致了前所未有的降雨量增加，因此暴雨导致的城市洪水已经成为全球性问题。在中国，多数城市都处在季风气候中，70%～80%的年降水都集中在夏季，在一些极端的例子中，每年20%的自然降水可以在一天内完成。以北京为例，年平均降水只有500mm，但在2011年，仅一天的降水量就达到了50～120mm。因为不渗水铺装的增加，即使在常态降雨情况下，城市雨涝在中国的各主要城市中仍然屡见不鲜。

营造具有海绵作用的景观是常规市政工程以外能对城市雨洪水管理发挥很大作用的优良途径。这种方法的一个例子是土人景观设计的哈尔滨群力雨洪公园，其综合了大尺度雨洪景观管理和乡土生境的保护、填充地下水、居民休憩和审美体验等多种功能，这些是支撑城市可持续发展所必需的生态系统服务。

2006年，哈尔滨市东部新城的群力城区内开始建设，总占地2733ha。在接下来的13～15年里，将有3200万m2的建筑全部建成，约30万人将在这里居住。仅有16.4%的城市土地被规划为永久的绿色空间，原先大部分的平坦地将被混凝土覆盖。当地的年降水量是567mm,60%～70%集中在6-8月份，历史上该地区洪涝频繁。

2009年，受当地政府委托，土人景观承担了群力雨洪公园的规划设计，公园占地34.2ha，原为一块被保护的区域湿地。受周边道路建设和高密度城市发展的影响，湿地面临着严重威胁。最初委托方只要求设计师能想办法维护湿地的存在，土人的设计改变了为保护而保护的单一目标，而是从解决城市问题出发，利用城市雨洪，将公园转化为城市雨洪公园，从而为城市提供了多重生态系统服务：它可以收集、净化和储存雨水，经湿地净化后的雨水补充地下水含水层。得益于生态和生物条件的改进，该雨洪公园不仅成为城市中一个很受欢迎的游戏绿地，还从省级湿地公园晋升为国家级城市湿地。

设计方案

该项目中，创新性地运用了许多设计战略，具体包括以下几个方面。

（1）保留现存湿地中部的大部分区域，作为自然演替区。

（2）沿四周通过挖填方的平衡技术，打造一系列深浅不一的水坑和高低不一的土丘，成为一条蓝-绿宝石项链，作为核心湿地雨水过滤和净化的缓冲区，形成自然与城市之间的一层过滤膜和体验界面。沿湿地四周布置雨水进水管，收集新城市区的雨水，使其经过水泡系统，沉淀和过滤后进入核心区的自然湿地。不同深度的水泡为乡土水生和湿生植物群落提供多样的栖息地，开启自然演替进程。高低不同的土丘上密植白桦林，步道网络穿梭于丘陵和水泡之间，给游客带来穿越林地的体验。水泡中设临水平台和座椅，使游客更加亲近自然。

（3）高架栈桥连接山丘，给游客带来凌驾于树冠之上的体验。多个观光平台，5个亭子（竹、木、砖、石和金属）和两个观光塔（一个是钢质高塔，位于东部角落里；另外一个是木质的树状高塔，坐落在西北角）。在山丘之上，由空中走廊连接，通过这些体验空间的设计，游客远可眺公园之泱泱美景，近可体验公园内各种自然景观之元素。

结论

通过场地的转换设计，湿地的多种功能得以彰显：包括收集、净化、储存雨水和补给地下水。昔日的湿地得到了恢复和改善，乡土生物多样性得以保存，同时为城市居民营造了舒适的居住环境。正因其对生态的显著改善，该公园已晋升成国家级城市湿地公园。

该项目成功地构建了一个雨洪管理样本以及一套可复制可参考的技术，不仅可在全中国运用，在全球面临相似社会与文化问题的国家也可实践。其可推广性在于该套技术具备以下几个特点。

（1）低技术要求与可持续性：该项目展示了城市雨洪管理运用简单技术即可实现，并因使用场地材料易于修建，同时维护上实现可持续性的运作也不再是难题。

（2）节省成本：该雨洪管理生态项目在建造和维护上均成本低廉，因此值得被复制运用，尤其是在发展中国家。当然，发达国家也同样适用。

（3）高效能：不同程度的城市内涝问题，均可采用该雨洪管理模式。该项目充分说明，如果一座城市将10%的土地转变成“绿色海绵”用于吸收雨水，那么它几乎可以解决当代城市中普遍存在的雨涝问题。

Contemporary cities are not resilient and inundation of surface water poses a substantial problem for them. Landscape architecture can play a key role in addressing this problem. Stormwater parks, connected and integrated into an ecological infrastructure across scales, can act as a green sponge, cleansing and storing urban storm water.

Challenges and Objective

Due to China's ever expanding urbanization, and arguably, climate change leading to unpredictable precipitation, urban flooding caused by storm water has become a global issue. Particularly in China, where most cities have monsoon climate, 70%～80% of the annual precipitation falls in the summer, and in some extreme cases, 20% of the annual rainfall can happen in one single day. Beijing for example, has an average annual precipitation of only about 500mm (20 inches), but it received 50～120mm in rainfall in just one day in 2011. Serious urban floods have been hitting the major cities in China even in times of normal rainfall, mainly because of an increase in impermeable paved surfaces.

Using the landscape as a sponge is a good alternative solution for urban storm water management. An example of this approach is demonstrated in Turenscape's storm water park in Harbin, which integrates large-scale urban storm water management with the protection of native habitats, aquifer recharge, recreational use, and aesthetic experience, in all these ways fostering urban development.

Beginning in 2006, a 2,733 hectare new urban district, Qunli New Town, was planned for the eastern outskirts of Harbin in Northern China. 32 million square meters of building floor area will be constructed in the next 13 to 15 years. More than one third of a million people are expected to live there. While about 16.4% of the developable land was zoned as permeable green space, the majority of the former flat plain will be covered with impermeable concrete. The annual rainfall there is 567 millimeters, with the months of June, July and August accounting for 60%～70% of annual precipitation. Floods and waterlogging have occurred frequently in the past.

In 2009, Turenscape was commissioned to design a park of 34.2 hectares right in the middle of this new town, which is listed as a protected regional wetland. The site is surrounded on four sides by roads and dense development. This wetland had thereby been severed from its water sources and was under threat. Going beyond the original task of preserving this wetland, Turenscape reconnected water networks and transformed the area into an urban storm water park that will provide multiple ecosystems services. It collects, cleanses, and stores storm water and infiltrates it into the aquifer, and will protect and recover the native habitats, provide a public space for recreational use and aesthetics experience, as well as foster urban development. The stormwater park has not only become a popular urban amenity but also been upgraded to a protected national urban wetland park because of its improvement to ecological and biological conditions.

Design Strategies

Several design strategies and elements have been employed.

(1) The central part of the existing wetland is left along to allow the natural habitats to continue to evolve.

(2) Earth is excavated and used to build up an outer ring-a necklace of ponds and mounds. The ring acts as a storm water filtrating and cleansing buffer zone for the core wetland, and a transition between nature and city. Storm water from the newly built urban area is collected into a pipe around the perimeter of the wetland and then released evenly into the wetland after having being filtered through the ponds. Native wetland grasses and meadows are grown next to ponds of various depths, and natural processes are initiated. Groves of native silver Birch trees (Betula pendula) grow on mounds of various heights and create a dense woodland. A network of paths links the ring of ponds and mounds, allowing visitors to have a walking-through-forest experience. Platforms and seats are put near the ponds to enable people to have close contact with nature.

(3) A skywalk links the scattered mounds allowing visitors to have an above-the-wetland experience. Platforms, five pavilions (bamboo, wood, brick, stone, and metal), and two viewing towers (one made of steel and located at the east corner, the other made of wood and looking like a tree at the northwest corner) are set on the mounds and connected by the skywalk, allowing views into the distance and observation of nature in the center of the park.

Conclusion

The completely transformed site performs many functions, including collecting, cleansing, and storing storm water, and recharging underground aquifers. The pre-existing wetland habitat has been restored and native biodiversity preserved. Potentially flooding storm water now contributes to an environmental amenity in the city. And the storm water park has been upgraded to a National Urban Wetland Park because of its improvements to ecological and biological conditions. This stormwater management project has been successful in developing a model and a series of techniques that are replicable and transferable throughout China and can be replicated worldwide, especially in those countries with similar social and cultural conditions due to the following qualities.

(1) Low-tech and sustainable: This demonstrative project showcase the low-tech approach to urban storm water management and is easy to build/implement using local materials and easy to maintain for sustainable operation.

(2) Inexpensive: This ecological model of storm water management is inexpensive to build and maintain, and therefore easy to replicate and hence suitable to be implemented in the developing countries, as well as in the developed countries.

(3) Efficient: This storm water management model is suitable in solving the urban storm water inundation at various scales. This project demonstrates that if a city can allocate 10% of total area as green sponge area for storm-water management, it can virtually solve the storm-water problem that is commonly seen in the contemporary cities.