弹性的河流：明尼阿波利斯滨水城市设计ACTIVATE A RESILIENT RIVER: MINNEAPOLIS WATERFRONT CITY DESIGN

项目位置：美国明尼苏达州明尼阿波利斯市

项目规模：8.8km

设计公司：土人景观

Location: Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA

Size: 8.85km

Design Firm: Turenscape

明尼阿波利斯市公园与游憩委员会和公园基金会共同主办了一项设计竞赛。由土人景观领衔并由其他6个设计公司参与合作，提出了沿密西西比河水道8.8km （5.5miles）的滨水带设计方案。场地范围从石拱桥至城市北段，目前这一区域属于“被遗忘”的地区，场地现有土地使用功能包括住宅、工业区、融合多个种群及文化背景的社区、所有权归政府的公园，以及历史街区等。土人团队提议把景观作为生态基础设施和一种综合性的工具来应对生态、社会、经济和文化的挑战，为目前被忽视的场地勾勒了21世纪新型景观和城市肌理的蓝图（经未来数十年才能完成）。

挑战与目标

自1867年明尼阿波利斯市成立以来，密西西比河一直是城市发展的动力。城市及其滨水地区从开始的木材厂到后来的面粉厂拥有非常丰厚的工业底蕴。尽管城市下游滨水区的发展取得巨大的成功，但上游地区丞待开发和设计。该地区所面临的挑战包括产业用地不断缩减（损失了数千米）、原有大尺度基础设施将河流和周围的社区割裂开来以及公共绿地不足等。

设计团队面临以下四项挑战。

（1）生态修复：如何设计上游的滨水地区和周围的社区，以重建健康的自然生态系统并最大限度地利用公园系统的生产力？如何适应未来全球气候变化的影响？如何发现一种能够反映并预测未来生活方式的新美学标准，且在这种生活方式中，文化和人类活动过程能够适应自然环境的变化，并对其进行调解？

（2）社会公平：上游滨水区的社区，尤其是明尼阿波利斯北部地区的公园用地或其他休闲设施非常少。这种“不平等”加剧了其他社会挑战。那么如何通过该项目营造更加公平的社会环境，使明尼阿波利斯北部像该城市其他地区一样成为城市居民乐于前往的目的地？

（3）激活经济：上游滨水区的工厂和商业区都背对壮观的密西西比河。如何在恢复活力的河流廊道中加快发展相关的新型产业？如何使投入的资金在未来催生更广泛的经济活动和商业活动？

（4）文化认同：明尼阿波利斯地区曾是美国土著居民重要的集聚地。随后，它成为欧洲移民者的目的地，他们在此从事毛皮贸易、木材加工和粮食储藏。（例如：对木材历史的记忆可通过公园设计中木材的使用来表达；砂石堆料和大型机械可保留于公园中）一个新的河岸或许能让不同阶层和不同种族的人团结在一起。

设计方案

设计团队提出了以下三个应对挑战的策略。

（1）建设生态基础设施：强大的城市公园体系扎根于强健且可修复的大自然中。找出可利用的自然资源，设计一个保护和加强自然和文化过程的生态网络，这些过程包括绿色交通、自然雨水处理、城市农业和其他绿色基础设施。

（2）使城市生活回归河流：随着生态基础设施的发展，将河流等自然资源重新定位，将学校和住宅、办公和科研、艺术和商业在内的功能都转移到河边。

（3）在发展中调整蓝图：城市领导人认识到虽然城市的土地用途和建筑不断发生变化，但基本的景观元素继续存在——包括河流和周边地形。这一规划和设计憧憬了未来50年的城市理想图景，基于这些基础生态资产，打造连续的步行和自行车通道，鼓励园艺，建设文化艺术设施，完善绿色交通网络等等，让人们重新回归河流。

In a competition sponsored by the Minneapolis Park & Recreation Board and the Minneapolis Parks Foundation, Turenscape teamed with six other firms and developed this proposal for 8.8km (5.5 miles) of waterfront redevelopment along the Mississippi River. The currently neglected site, which spans from the Stone Arch Bridge to the flatlands of the northern city limits, encompasses a variety of land uses from residential to industrial, neighborhoods of demographic and cultural diversity, government owned parks, and historic districts. The team proposed using landscape as ecological infrastructure and an integrative tool to address ecological, social, economic, and cultural challenges, and creating a 21st-century vision (to be implemented over decades) for a new landscape and urban fabric for this now neglected site.

Challenges and Objectives

Since Minneapolis's founding in 1867, the Mississippi River has been the engine of its development. The city and its riverfront have a rich industrial past, starting with lumber mills and then flour mills. Whereas the city's lower riverfront can boast tremendous contemporary success, the upper riverfront is waiting to be rediscovered and redesigned. Challenges facing this area include a diminishing industrial base (loss of mills) and large-scale infrastructure that divides the river from surrounding communities, as well as public parks that are too small for their constituent communities. The design team has identified four primary challenges.

(1) Ecological renewal: what can be done on the upper riverfront and in its surrounding communities to rebuild a healthy natural ecosystem and make best use of a park system for its productive potential? How can the site adapt to the coming effects of global climate change? How can we discover a new aesthetic that reflects and foresees a lifestyle in which cultural and human processes adapt to and mediate the changing natural environment?

(2) Social equity: Most Minneapolis communities of the upper riverfront have very little parkland or other public amenities. This inequity compounds and exacerbates other social challenges. How can this project create a more equitable society in which North Minneapolis becomes as much of a destination for the whole city as its other, wealthier areas?

(3) Vibrant economy: Commercial buildings like factories and warehouses in the upper riverfront include many that present blank walls to the majestic river. How can we foster new better related industries in a resurgent river corridor? How can investments in the river catalyze broader economic activity and attract more businesses of the future?

(4) Cultural identity: The site of Minneapolis was an important gathering spot for native USAns. It subsequently became home to European immigrants and an active base of fur trade, lumber milling, and grain storage. This history should be noted and its remnants preserved in any new development (e.g., the history of logging can be recalled in the use of large logs in park designs; gravel production aggregate piles and large machinery can be incorporated into parks). A new riverside may also contribute to bringing people of diverse classes and ethnicities together.

Design Strategies

The design team has proposed three strategies to address these challenges.

(1) Build an ecological infrastructure: A strong city park system is rooted in robust and resilient nature. Natural assets were identified to help to design an ecological network that protects and enhances critical natural and cultural processes. These include sustainable transportation, natural storm water management, urban agriculture, corridors for wild flora and fauna, wetlands and other green infrastructures.

(2) Reorient urbanism to the river: As green infrastructure grows, the city can be reoriented toward the river, with schools and housing, jobs and research, art and commerce placed alongside the new ecological infrastructure. Skywalks and linear parks can connect residential centers to the riverside. (3) Curate the vision through time: The city's civic leaders have understood that its land uses and architecture will change, but that its fundamental landscape elements—the river and surrounding topography—will endure. This planning and design scheme explores ideal growth over a fifty-year period, grounded in those essential natural elements, reconnecting people to the river through unobstructed movement paths, creating riverfront horticultural and cultural destinations, building transportation networks to the river, and more.