当代英语疑难问题详解
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11 形容词alive与living;live与lively的用法区别

问:我在教学中遇到两个问题,请解释。有这样两道选择题:

(1)—Are there any things in the box?—No, the things in the box are no longer .

A. alive, living

B. living, alive

C. alive, alive

D. living, living

所给的正确答案是A,请问alive与living应如何区别?还有live与lively呢?还有一道选择题:

(2)—To tell the truth, I became a college student when I was 15. — .

A. You must be

B. Thank goodness

C. You don’t say so

D. Never mind

所给正确答案是C,不知道C在这里是否是习惯用法?是什么意思?

答:句(1)的正确答案不是A,而是B。这道选择题考核的是同义词alive与living的用法区别。形容词alive意为:“活的,活着的,有生命的;没死的”(not dead,living,having life),用于此意没有比较级变化,多用于指人,也可指动植物,其反义词是dead,一般用作表语,是表语形容词,不可置于名词之前。例如:

(3)Are your grandparents still alive?

(4)Was the snake alive or dead?

(5)Despite the hard winter, the rose-bush is still alive.

值得注意的是,alive有时含有“本有死亡或枯萎的可能,但却还活着的”意思,除句(5)外,又如:

(6)The young woman was still alive when the ambulance reached the hospital.

(7)A Yorkshire farmer who went missing yesterday during a blizzard has been found alive and well.(昨天在暴风雪中失踪的一位约克郡农民被发现还活着,状况良好。)

这时通常不用living。最后,alive有时可以置于名词之后,作后置定语。例如:

(8)The hunter caught a bear alive.

(9)He was the happiest man alive.

应该记住的表语形容词还有以a开头的、表示健康状况和一些要求带宾语的形容词:afraid,alike,alone,aloof,amenable,ashamed,asleep,awake,aware,content,faint,fond和well等。

living用作形容词时,意为:“活的,活着的”(alive now),通常置于名词之前(Alive can only be used after a noun,but you can use living before a noun.)作前置定语,是定语形容词。例如:

(10)She has no living relatives.

(11)She was, he thought, the best living novelist in England.

(12)Who is the world’s greatest living artist?(比较Who is the greatest man alive?)

(13)Living creatures are remarkably diversified in their sizes and shapes.

不过,有时living也可置于名词之后作定语。例如:

(14)No man living can write better music than he did.

living 也可作表语。例如:

(15)My grandmother was still living when my grandfather died.

(16)Is your father still living(alive)?

可见,living既可用作定语形容词也可用作表语形容词,类似的还有很多,就不一一列举了。现在简要谈谈live与lively用作形容词时的区别,live意为:“活的,有生命的”(not dead,having life)多用于修饰动植物而不用于修饰人,作前置定语。例如:

(17)Have you ever touched a real live snake?

(18)Only a few live trees were left after the fire.

lively用作形容词,意为:“充满活力的,精力充沛的”(full of life and energy),既可用作定语也可用作表语。例句如下:

(19)I am not very lively during the transition months from winter to spring.

你所提问的句(2)选择答案C. You don’t say so.是口语习惯表达法,可表示疑问、惊讶,常含有讽刺意味(an expression of slight surprise, often used in a sarcastic way),其意为:“不会这样吧!未必吧!真的吗?”例如:

(20)—She was graduated from college at sixteen.—You don’t say so!

有时so可省略。例如:

(21)Jimmy’s a well-known painter.—You don’t say.