英文病历书写基础
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第二节 主诉

主诉(chief complaints)就是患者就诊最主要的原因,包括症状、体征及持续时间。主诉多于一项则按发生的先后次序列出,并记录每个症状的持续时间。主诉要简明精炼,一般在1~2句,20字左右,要尽量使用患者所讲的话,而非艰涩的医学名词。在一些特殊情况下,疾病已明确诊断,住院目的是为进行某项特殊治疗(手术,化疗)者可用病名,如白血病入院定期化疗。一些无症状(体征)的实验室检查异常也可直接描述,如发现血糖升高1个月。

一、主诉的表示方法:症状+时间(symptom+time)

1.症状+for+时间

如:胸痛2小时 [chest pain for 2 hours]

2.症状+of+时间

如:恶心呕吐3天 [nausea and vomiting of three days duration]

3.症状+时间+in duration

如:头痛1个月 [headache 1 month in duration]

4.时间+of+症状

如:发热2天 [two-day history of fever]

二、常见症状

发热 [fever]

疼痛 [pain]

水肿 [edema]

皮肤黏膜出血 [mucocutaneous hemorrhage(bleeding)]

呼吸困难 [dyspnea(difficulty in breathing; respiratory difficulty; short of breath)]

咳嗽和咯痰 [cough and expectoration(sputum; phlegm)]

咯血 [hemoptysis]

紫绀 [cyanosis]

心悸 [palpitation]

胸闷 [chest discomfort]

恶心和呕吐 [nausea(retch; dry vomiting)and vomiting]

呕血 [hematemesis(vomiting of blood)]

便血 [hematochezia(hemafecia)]

腹泻 [diarrhea]

便秘 [constipation(obstipation)]

眩晕 [vertigo(giddiness; dizziness)]

黄疸 [jaundice(Icterus)]

惊厥 [convulsion]

意识障碍 [disturbance of consciousness]

血尿 [hematuria]

尿频,尿急和尿痛 [frequent micturition, urgent micturition and dysuria]

尿失禁 [incontinence of urine]

尿潴留 [retention of urine]

(1)发热的表示方法

感染性发热 [infective(septic)fever]

非感染性发热 [non-infective(aseptic)fever]

脱水热 [dehydration(Inanition)fever]

药物热 [drug fever]

功能性低热 [functional hypothermia]

吸收热 [absorption fever]

中枢性发热 [central fever]

热型 [fever type]

稽留热 [continuous fever]

弛张热 [remittent fever]

间歇热 [intermittent fever]

波状热 [undulant fever]

回归热 [recurrent fever]

周期热 [periodic fever]

不规则热 [irregular fever]

短暂热 [ephemeral fever]

双峰热 [double peaked fever]

不明原因发热 [fever of undetermined(unknown)origin, FUO]

寒战 [rigor(shivering; chill; shaking chill; ague)]

畏寒 [chilly Sensation(fell chilly; cold fits; coldness)]

超高热 [ultra-hyperpyrexia]

高热 [hyperthermia(a high fever; hyperpyrexia; ardent fever)]

中度发热 [moderate fever]

低热 [hypothermia(low-grade fever; slight fever; subfebrile temperature)]

发热 [become feverish(Have a temperature)]

骤降 [crisis]

渐降 [lysis]

伤寒热 [typhoid fever]

风湿热 [rheumatic fever]

癌性发热 [cancerous fever]

升热期 [fervescence period]

退热期 [defervescence period]

持续发热期 [persistent febrile period]

(2)疼痛的表示方法

背痛 [backache(back pain)]

腰痛 [lumbago]

头痛 [headache]

血管舒缩性头痛 [vasomotor headache]

创伤后头痛 [post-traumatic headache]

偏头痛 [migraine headache]

丛集性头痛 [cluster headache]

胸痛 [chest pain]

心前区痛 [precardial pain]

胸骨后痛 [retrosternal pain]

腹痛 [abdominal pain(stomachache)]

肢体痛 [acrodynia(pain in limbs)]

关节痛 [arthrodynia(Arthralgia)]

钝痛 [dull pain]

锐痛 [sharp pain]

刺痛 [twinge pain]

刀割(刺)样痛 [knife-like pain(piercing pain)]

酸痛 [aching pain]

烧灼痛 [burning pain]

绞痛 [colicky(griping; cramp)pain]

绞痛 [colic]

胀痛(撕裂痛)[bursting pain]

饥饿痛 [hunger pain]

抽搐痛 [tic pain]

坠痛 [bearing-down pain]

电击样痛 [shock-like pain]

反跳痛 [jumping pain]

触痛(压痛)[tenderness pain]

束带样痛 [girdle-like pain]

游走性痛 [wandering pain]

搏动性痛 [throbbing pain]

放射性痛 [radiating pain]

痉挛性痛 [cramping pain]

钻痛 [boring pain]

剧痛 [intense pain]

痛得打滚 [writhing pain]

牵引痛 [dragging pain]

阵痛 [labor pain]

癌性疼痛 [cancerous pain]

牵涉痛 [referred pain]

持续性痛 [persistent pain(unremitting pain)]

经常性痛 [constant pain]

间歇性痛 [intermittent pain]

(3)水肿的表示方法

黏液性水肿 [mucous edema(myxedema)]

心源性水肿 [cardiac(cardiogenic)edema]

肾源性水肿 [nephrotic(renal)edema]

肝源性水肿 [hepatic edema]

营养不良性水肿 [alimentary(nutritional)edema]

血管神经性水肿 [angioneurotic edema]

凹陷性 [pitting]

非凹陷性 [nonpitting]

局限性水肿 [localized(local)edema]

全身性水肿 [generalized edema(anasarca)]

积水 [hydrops]

象皮肿 [elephantiasic crus]

脑水肿 [cerebral(Brain)edema]

肺水肿 [pulmonary edema(hydropneumonial]

脑积水 [hydrocephalus]

内分泌病性水肿 [edema of endoscrinopathy]

隐性水肿 [invisible(recessive)edema]

显性水肿 [frank edema]

炎性水肿 [inflammatory edema]

特发性水肿 [idiopathic edema]

周期性水肿 [cyclical edema]

腹水 [ascites(abdominal effusion; hydroperiotoneum)]

胸水 [pleural effusion(hydrothorax)]

心包积液 [pericardial effusion(hydropericardium)]

支气管水肿 [bronchoedema]

轻度 [slight(Mild)]

中度 [moderate]

重度 [serious]

漏出液 [transudate]

渗出液 [exudate]

(4)呼吸困难的表示方法

心原性呼吸困难 [cardiac dyspnea]

吸气性 [inspiratory]

呼气性 [expiratory]

混合性 [mixed]

梗阻性 [obstructive]

静息时呼吸困难 [dyspnea at rest]

活动时呼吸困难 [dyspnea on exertion]

躺下时呼吸困难 [dyspnea on lying down]

夜间阵发性呼吸困难 [paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea, PND]

端坐呼吸 [orthopnea]

哮喘 [asthma]

心源性哮喘 [cardiac asthma]

支气管性哮喘 [bronchial asthma]

呼吸深快 [hyperpnea]

周期性呼吸 [periodic breathing]

气促 [tachypnea(rapid or fast breathing; accelerated breathing; short of breath)]

呼吸缓慢 [bradypnea(slow breathing)]

不规则呼吸 [irregular breathing]

(5)皮肤黏膜出血的表示方法

皮肤出血点 [bleeding spots in the skin]

淤点 [petechia]

淤斑 [eccymosis]

紫癜 [purpura]

片状出血 [splinter hemorrhage]

渗血 [oozing of the blood(errhysis)]

血疱 [blood blister(hemophysallis)]

鼻出血 [hemorrhinia(nasal bleeding)]

皮下血肿 [ecchymoma]

(6)咳嗽与咯痰的表示方法

干咳 [dry cough(nonproductive cough; hacking cough)]

剧咳 [sharp cough]

湿咳 [wet cough(moist cough)]

排痰性咳 [productive cough(loose cough)]

慢性咳嗽 [chronic cough]

刺激性咳嗽 [irritable cough]

发作性(阵发性)咳嗽 [paroxysmal cough]

持续性咳嗽 [cough continually]

痉挛性咳嗽 [spasmodic cough]

百日咳 [whooping cough]

冬季咳 [winter cough]

喘咳 [wheezing cough]

短咳 [short cough]

难咳 [distressed cough]

浅咳 [shallow cough]

飞沫 [droplet]

泡沫样痰 [frothy sputum]

血痰 [bloody sputum]

黏液样痰 [mucous(Mucoid)sputum]

脓痰 [purulent sputum]

黏液脓性痰 [mucopurulent sputum]

白(黄,绿)痰 [white(yellow, green)sputum]

恶臭痰 [fetid(foul)sputum]

铁锈色痰 [iron-rust(rusty)sputum]

巧克力色痰 [chocolate coloured sputum]

浓痰 [thick sputum]

淡痰 [thin sputum]

黏痰 [viscous sputum]

透明痰 [transparent sputum]

大量痰 [much(Large amounts of)sputum]

中等量痰 [moderate amounts of sputum]

少量痰 [not much(Small amounts of)sputum]

(7)内脏出血的表示方法

戈耳斯坦氏咯血 [goldstein's hemoptysis]

大量呕血 [massive hematemesis]

鼻出血 [epistasis(nosebleed; nasal bleeding; hemorrhinia; rhinorrhagia)]

血尿 [hematuria]

初血尿 [initial hematuria]

特发性血尿 [idiopathic hematuria]

无痛性血尿 [painless hematuria]

终末性血尿 [terminal hematuria]

肉眼血尿 [gross(Macroscopic)hematuria]

镜下血尿 [microscopic hematuria]

全程血尿 [hematuria in the whole process of urination]

牙龈出血 [gingival bleeding(ulaemorrhagia; gum bleeding)]

便血 [hematochezia]

血便 [bloody stool]

黑便 [black stool(melena)]

柏油样便 [tarry stool]

外伤后出血 [bleeding following trauma]

自发性出血 [spontaneous bleeding]

持续出血 [bleeding continuously]

隐血 [occult blood, OB]

胆道出血 [hematobilia]

血胸 [hemathorax]

关节积血 [hemarthrosis]

腹腔积血 [hematocoelia]

血肿 [hematoma]

心包积血 [hemopericardium]

脑出血 [cerebral hemorrhage]

蛛网膜下腔出血 [subarachnoid hemorrhage(SAH)]

月经量多伴血块 [excessive(heavy)menstrual flow with passage of clots]

月经量少(中等)[mild(moderate)menses]

无痛性阴道出血 [painless Vaginal bleeding]

性交后出血 [postcoital bleeding]

搏动性出血 [pulsating bleeding]

术后伤口出血 [post-operation wound hemorrhage]

拔牙后出血过多 [excessive bleeding after dental extraction]

(8)紫绀的表示方法

先天性紫绀 [congenital cyanosis]

肠源性 [enterogenous]

中枢性 [central]

周围性 [peripheral]

混合性 [mixed]

指端紫绀 [acrocyanosis]

(9)恶心与呕吐的表示方法

干呕 [vomiturition(retching)]

恶心感 [feel nauseated]

饭后恶心 [postprandial nausea]

呃逆 [hiccup]

返酸 [sour regurgitation]

吐粪 [fecal(stercoraceous)vomiting]

吐不消化食物 [undigested food Vomiting]

吐胆汁 [bilious vomiting]

(10)腹泻与便秘的表示方法

晨泻 [morning diarrhea]

水泻 [watery(Liquid)diarrhea]

黏液泻 [mucous diarrhea]

脂肪泻 [fatty diarrhea]

慢性(急性)[chronic(acute)]

轻度腹泻 [mild diarrhea]

难治性腹泻 [intractable(uncontrolled)diarrhea]

迁延性腹泻 [protracted diarrhea]

血便 [bloody stool]

泡沫样便 [frothy stool]

不成形(成形)便 [formless(formed)stool]

稀(硬)便 [loose(hard)stool]

米泔样便 [rice-water stool]

不消化便 [undigested stool]

痢疾样腹泻 [dysenteric diarrhea]

炎症性腹泻 [inflammatory diarrhea]

渗透性 [osmotic]

分泌性 [secretory]

吸收不良性 [malabsorption]

消化不良性 [lienteric]

胰性腹泻 [pancreatic diarrhea]

里急后重 [tenesmus]

解大便 [pass a stool(have a passage; open or relax the bowel)]

便意 [have a call of nature]

大便失禁 [fecal incontinence(copracrasia)]

功能性便秘 [functional constipation]

器质性便秘 [organic constipation]

习惯性便秘 [habitual constipation]

便秘倾向 [have a tendency to be constipated]

(11)黄疸的表示方法

隐性黄疸 [latent(occult)jaundice]

显性黄疸 [clinical jaundice]

核黄疸 [nuclear icterus]

生理性黄疸 [physiologic icterus]

传染性黄疸 [icterus simplex]

中毒性黄疸 [toxemic icterus]

溶血性 [hemolytic]

肝细胞性 [hepatocellular]

阻塞性 [obstructive]

先天性 [congenital]

家族性 [familial]

胆汁淤积性 [cholestatic]

血源性 [hematogenous]

恶性 [malignant]

无痛性 [painless]

(12)意识障碍的表示方法

嗜睡 [somnolence]

意识模糊 [confusion]

昏睡 [stupor]

昏迷 [coma]

谵妄 [delirium]

晕厥 [syncope(swoon; faint)]

倦睡 [drowsiness]

(13)排尿的表示方法

遗尿 [enuresis(bed-wetting)]

无尿 [anuria]

排尿中断 [emiction interruption]

尿线中断 [interruption of urinary stream]

夜尿 [nocturia]

少尿 [oliguria]

多尿 [polyuria]

排尿 [pass water(make water; urinate; micturition)]

尿频 [frequent micturition(frequency of micturition; frequent urination; pollakiuria)]

尿急 [urgent micturition(urgency of urination or micturition)]

尿痛 [urodynia(pain on micturition; painful micturition; alginuresis; micturition pain)]

排尿困难 [dysuria(difficulty in micturition; disturbance of micturition)]

尿线细小 [small urinary stream]

排尿通畅 [void with a good stream]

滴尿 [guttate emiction(dribbling following urination; terminal dribbling)]

尿流分叉 [bifurcation of urination]

残余尿 [residual urine]

尿外渗 [extravasation of urine]

压力性尿失禁 [stress incontinence]

溢出性尿失禁 [overflow incontinence]

反常性尿失禁 [paradoxical in continence]

三、少见症状

虚弱(无力)[weekness(debility; asthenia; debilitating)]

疲乏 [fatigue(tire; lassitude)]

不适 [discomfort(indisposition; malaise)]

消瘦 [wasting(thin; underweight; emaciation; lean)]

盗汗 [night sweating]

出汗 [sweat(perspiration)]

冷汗 [cold sweat]

瘙痒 [pruritus(iching)]

气喘 [asthma]

胸部紧缩(压榨)感 [squeezing(tightness; choking; pressing)sensation of the chest]

间歇性跛行 [intermittent claudication]

吞咽困难 [eifficulty in swallowing(dysphagia; difficult swallowing; acataposis)]

上腹部不适 [epigastric(upper abdominal)discomfort]

厌食 [anorexia(sitophobia)]

纳差 [poor appetite(loss of appetite)]

胃灼热 [heart-burn(pyrosis)]

胃部痛 [stomachache(pain in stomach)]

脐周痛 [periumbilial pain]

嗳气 [belching(Eructation)]

返酸 [sour regurgitation]

腹胀 [abdominal distention(bloating)]

肛门排气 [pass gas(break wink)]

大便少(多)[small(large)stool]

排虫 [expel(pass)worms]

肝区痛 [pain over the liver]

腰痛 [lumbago]

异食癖 [pica(parorexia; allotriophagy)]

痛经 [dysmenorrhea]

月经不调 [menoxenia(Irregular menstruation)]

月经过频 [polymenorrhea(epimenorrhea)]

月经过少 [oligomenorrhea]

经量过多 [excessive menstruation(menorrhagia; menometrorrhagia; hypermenorrhea)]

经量过少 [hypomenorrhea(scanty menstruation)]

绝经 [menopause(menostasia; menostasis)]

闭经 [amenorrhea(menoschesis)]

白带过多 [leukorrhagia]

无性欲 [asexuality(lack of libido)]

性欲低下 [hyposexuality]

性欲亢进 [hypersexuality]

早泄 [prospermia(ejaculatio praecox)]

阳痿 [impotency(impotence)]

遗精 [nocturnal emission(spermatorrhea)]

无性交能力 [lack of potency]

脱发 [hair loss]

关节痛 [joint pain(arthralgia; arthrodynia)]

多饮(烦渴)[polydipsia(excessive thirst)]

多食 [polyphagia(excessive appetite; hyperorexia; bulimia)]

怕冷(热)[cold(heat)intolerance]

身材矮小(高大)[dwarfism(excessive height)]

多汗 [excessive sweating]

手抖 [hands tremble]

肥胖 [obesity(fatty)]

焦虑(忧虑)[agitation(anxiety; nervous irritability)]

躁狂 [mania]

幻觉 [hallucination]

失语 [aphasia(logopathy)]

记忆力下降 [amnesia(poor memorization; memory deterioration)]

偏身麻木 [hemianesthesia]

蚁走感 [formication]

麻刺感 [tingling]

痛觉过敏 [hyperpathia]

痛觉减退 [hypalgesia]

错觉 [illusion]

半身不遂 [hemiplegia]

失眠 [insomnia(poor sleep; sleeplessness)]

多梦 [nightmare]

麻木 [numbness]

肢体痛 [pain in limbs(acrodynia)]

活动受限 [limitation of motion]

手足抽搐 [tetany]

流脓 [discharge of pus]

视物模糊 [blurred vision(hazy vision; blurring of vision; dimness of vision)]

烧灼(干燥)感 [burning(dry)sensation]

流泪 [tearing(dacryorrhea; lacrimation)]

复视 [double vision(diplopia)]

斜视 [strabismus]

偏盲 [hemianopia]

眼疲劳 [tired eyes(eyestrain)]

异物感 [foreign body sensation]

失明 [lose the sight(lose of vision)]

视力减退 [diminution of vision]

眨眼 [nictition]

眼痛 [ophthalmodynia(eye-ache; ocular pain)]

畏光 [photophobia]

眼前黑点 [spots before the eyes]

耳聋 [deafness(anacusia)]

听力减退 [auditory dysesthesia]

耳痛 [otalgia(otodynia; pain in the ear; ear-ache)]

耳闭气 [stuffy feeling in the ear]

耳鸣 [tinnitus]

自声过强 [outophony]

鼻塞 [nasal obstruction(blockage)]

鼻干燥 [dryness of the nose]

流鼻涕 [rhinorrhea(snivel; Nasal discharge)]

打喷嚏 [sneezing]

打鼾 [snoring]

嗅觉减退 [hyposmia(reduction of the sense of smell)]

嗅觉丧失 [anosmia(complete loss of sense of smell)]

发音困难 [dysphonia]

声嘶 [hoarseness]

吞咽痛 [pain on swallowing]

流涎 [saliva dribbling from the mouth]

声音沙哑 [troaty voice]

喘鸣 [stridor]

红肿 [red and swollen]

头皮屑 [scurf]

见红 [show]

破水 [amniotic fluid escaped]

宫缩 [uterine contraction]

计算不能 [acalculia]

情感淡漠 [apathy]

妄想 [delusion]

四、时间的表示方法

(1)月(Month)

一月 [January, Jan.]

二月 [February, Feb.]

三月 [March, Mar.]

四月 [April, Apr.]

五月 [May]

六月 [June, Jun.]

七月 [July, Jul.]

八月 [August, Aug.]

九月 [September, Sept.]

十月 [October, Oct.]

十一月 [November, Nov.]

十二月 [December, Dec.]

(2)周(Week)

星期一 [Monday]

星期二 [Tuesday]

星期三 [Wednesday]

星期四 [Thursday]

星期五 [Friday]

星期六 [Saturday]

星期日 [Sunday]

(3)年(Year)和日 [Day]

第1年 [1 st(first)year]

第2年 [2nd(second)year]

第3年 [3rd(third)year]

第4年 [4th(forth)year]

1年(天)[one year(day)]

2年(天)[two years(days)]

整年 [whole year]

1日 [1 st(first)]

2日 [2rd(second)]

3日 [3rd(third)]

5日 [5th(fifth)]

今天 [today]

明天 [tomorrow]

昨天 [yesterday]

前天 [the day before yesterday

后天 [the day after tomorrow]

大前天 [3 days ago]

大后天 [3 days hence]

今晚 [tonight]

昨晚 [last night]

明晚 [next night]

通宵 [all night]

整天 [all day(the whole day)]

(4)季节 [season]和时节 [solar terms]

春季 [spring]

夏季 [summer]

秋季 [autumn]

冬季 [winter]

立春(夏、秋、冬)[the beginning of spiring(summer; autumn; winter)]

小暑(雪、寒)[slight heat(snow; cold)]

大暑(雪、寒)[great Heat(snow; cold)]

雨水 [rain water]

惊蛰 [the waking of Insects]

春(秋)分 [the spring(autumnal)equinox]

清明 [pure brightness]

谷雨 [grain rain]

小满 [grain full]

芒种 [grain in ear]

夏(冬至)[the summer(winter)solstice]

处暑 [the limit of heat]

白(寒)露 [white(cold)dew]

霜降 [frost's descent]

(5)时间的表示方法

在……内(后)[in]

在2003年 [in 2003]

在3月 [in March(Mar.)]

在去年10月 [in last Oct.]

在早晨 [in the morning]

在上午 [in the forenoon]

在下午 [in the afternoon]

在晚上 [in the evening]

在近5天 [in the past 5 days]

在10分钟后 [in 10 minutes]

在秋季 [in autumn]

在这2~3天内 [in a couple of days]

在……中 [within ]

在近8个月中 [within the last 8 months]

在过去的2年中 [within the preceding 2 years]

在……时候 [on]

在2002的9月18日 [on the 18th of september,2002(英国)or on sept.18th,2002(美国)

在星期三 [on Wednesday]

在本月7日 [on 7th instant]

在……时 [at]

在中午 [at noon]

在晚上 [at night]

在昨晚 [at last(preceding; previous)night]

在半夜 [at midnight]

在上午10点钟 [at 10AM]

在5岁时 [at the age of five]

在2000年底(中、初)[at the end(middle; beginning)of 2000]

计……时间 [for]

1周 [for one week]

近2个月来 [for the past 2 months]

几乎(整整)一年 [for nearly a month(a full month)]

3个月左右 [for 3 months or so]

至少3个月 [for at least 3 months]

3个月以上 [for more than 3 months]

3个月或以上 [for 3months or more]

时间不详 [for an unknown(indefinite)period(time)]

在……时期 [of]

10年内 [of 10 years'duration]

期间 [length of time]

6月6日 [the 6th of June]

在……期间 [during]

在2000—2005年的几年中 [during the years form 2000 to 2005]

在这4年中 [during four years]

在过去的几周中 [during the past(last)couple of weeks]

在夜间 [during the night]

整天 [during the entire day]

约 [about]

约1个半小时 [about one and half an hour]

大约半年 [about half a year]

至;在……之前 [to]

从今下午点至明上午8点 [form 6 pm today to 8 AM tomorrow]

6点45分 [at fifteen to seven]

从……起 [from]

从14岁至52岁 [from 14 to 52 year-old]

从上午7点30分开始 [form 7:30AM]

从周一至周五 [from Monday through Friday]

过去;超过 [past]

在过去的3周中 [in the past 3 weeks]

8点10分 [ten minutes past eight]

在……整个期间 [through or throughout]

通宵值班 [be on duty through the night]

从一月到六月 [from January through June]

熬过明晚 [through the next night]

整天(晚)[throughout the day(night)]

在……期间 [over]

在过去的2个月内 [over the past two months]

一夜间 [overnight]

(6)其他表示方法

每月(年、日)一次 [monthly(yearly; daily)]

整整一年 [yearlong(year-round)]

满周岁 [yearling]

工作日 [weekday]

周末 [weekend]

每周末 [weekends]

8小时工作日 [an eight-hour day]

整天 [daylong]

白天 [daytime]

昼夜 [nighttime]

日常的 [day-to-day]

夏令时间 [daylight saving time]

每晚 [nightly]

黄昏 [nightfall]

过期的 [overdue]

前天晚上(一夜间)[overnight]

在……之后 [after]

婚后 [after one's marriage]

7点10分 [ten after(past)seven]

住(出)院后 [after admission(discharge)]

起病后2天 [2 days after the onset(attack)of symptoms]

在……之前 [before]

7点50分之前 [before seven fifty]

医生到达前 [before the doctor come]

以前未有种症状 [have had not the same symptom before]

以前 [ago]

5年前 [5 years ago]

直到1个月前 [up to one month ago]

大前天 [three days ago]

在……之前 [prior to]

入(出)院前 [prior to admission(discharge)]

前天之前 [prior to the day before yesterday]

直到 [up to]

直到3周前 [up to 3 weeks ago]

直到现在(出院)[ip to now(discharge)]

直到 [until or till]

直到80岁 [until 80 years old]

直到今晨8点 [until 8 o'clock this morning]

直到医生查完房 [until the doctor have finished the ward round]

直到3年以前 [until 3 years ago]

直到出院前1天 [until 1 day prior to discharge]

在……之前 [by]

下午点钟前 [by 5 p.m.]

下个月之前 [by next month]

从……开始 [since]

自从去年术后 [since operation was performed last year]

前天起 [since the day before yesterday]

从2002年6月起 [since June 2002]

超时(加班)[overtime]

上午8点 [8:00a.m.]

下午2点30分 [2:30p.m.]

7点50分 [seven fifty(ten to eight)]

9点20分 [nine twenty(twenty past or after nine)]

术前 [pre-operation]

术后 [post-operation]