第15章 OF THE INTERIOR BEGINNINGS OF VOLUNTARY MOTIONS(3)

Pusillanimity in the same,wretchedness,miserableness,or parsimony,as it is liked,or disliked.

Love of persons for society,kindness.

Love of persons for pleasing the sense only,natural lust.

Love of the same acquired from rumination,that is,imagination of pleasure past,luxury.

Love of one singularly,with desire to be singularly beloved,the passion of love.The same,with fear that the love is not mutual,jealousy.

Desire by doing hurt to another to make him condemn some fact of his own,revengefulness.

Desire to know why,and how,curiosity;such as is in no living creature but man:so that man is distinguished,not only by his reason,but also by this singular passion from other animals;in whom the appetite of food,and other pleasures of sense,by predominance,take away the care of knowing causes;which is a lust of the mind,that by a perseverance of delight in the continual and indefatigable generation of knowledge,exceedeth the short vehemence of any carnal pleasure.

Fear of power invisible,feigned by the mind,or imagined from tales publicly allowed,religion;not allowed,superstition.And when the power imagined is truly such as we imagine,true religion.

Fear without the apprehension of why,or what,panic terror;called so from the fables that make Pan the author of them;whereas in truth there is always in him that so feareth,first,some apprehension of the cause,though the rest run away by example;every one supposing his fellow to know why.And therefore this passion happens to none but in a throng,or multitude of people.

Joy from apprehension of novelty,admiration;proper to man,because it excites the appetite of knowing the cause.

Joy arising from imagination of a man's own power and ability is that exultation of the mind which is called glorying:which,if grounded upon the experience of his own former actions,is the same with confidence:but if grounded on the flattery of others,or only supposed by himself,for delight in the consequences of it,is called vainglory:which name is properly given;because a well-grounded confidence begetteth attempt;whereas the supposing of power does not,and is therefore rightly called vain.

Grief,from opinion of want of power,is called dejection of mind.

The vainglory which consisteth in the feigning or supposing of abilities in ourselves,which we know are not,is most incident to young men,and nourished by the histories or fictions of gallant persons;and is corrected oftentimes by age and employment.

Sudden glory is the passion which maketh those grimaces called laughter;and is caused either by some sudden act of their own that pleaseth them;or by the apprehension of some deformed thing in another,by comparison whereof they suddenly applaud themselves.And it is incident most to them that are conscious of the fewest abilities in themselves;who are forced to keep themselves in their own favour by observing the imperfections of other men.And therefore much laughter at the defects of others is a sign of pusillanimity.For of great minds one of the proper works is to help and free others from scorn,and compare themselves only with the most able.

On the contrary,sudden dejection is the passion that causeth weeping;and is caused by such accidents as suddenly take away some vehement hope,or some prop of their power:and they are most subject to it that rely principally on helps external,such as are women and children.Therefore,some weep for the loss of friends;others for their unkindness;others for the sudden stop made to their thoughts of revenge,by reconciliation.But in all cases,both laughter and weeping are sudden motions,custom taking them both away.

For no man laughs at old jests,or weeps for an old calamity.

Grief for the discovery of some defect of ability is shame,or the passion that discovereth itself in blushing,and consisteth in the apprehension of something dishonourable;and in young men is a sign of the love of good reputation,and commendable:in old men it is a sign of the same;but because it comes too late,not commendable.

The contempt of good reputation is called impudence.

Grief for the calamity of another is pity;and ariseth from the imagination that the like calamity may befall himself;and therefore is called also compassion,and in the phrase of this present time a fellow-feeling:and therefore for calamity arriving from great wickedness,the best men have the least pity;and for the same calamity,those have least pity that think themselves least obnoxious to the same.

Contempt,or little sense of the calamity of others,is that which men call cruelty;proceeding from security of their own fortune.

For,that any man should take pleasure in other men's great harms,without other end of his own,I do not conceive it possible.

Grief for the success of a competitor in wealth,honour,or other good,if it be joined with endeavour to enforce our own abilities to equal or exceed him,is called emulation:but joined with endeavour to supplant or hinder a competitor,envy.

When in the mind of man appetites and aversions,hopes and fears,concerning one and the same thing,arise alternately;and diverse good and evil consequences of the doing or omitting the thing propounded come successively into our thoughts;so that sometimes we have an appetite to it,sometimes an aversion from it;sometimes hope to be able to do it,sometimes despair,or fear to attempt it;the whole sum of desires,aversions,hopes and fears,continued till the thing be either done,or thought impossible,is that we call deliberation.