公司金融(中英双语版)
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1.3 The Goal of Financial Management

The goal of corporate finance refers to the goals that enterprises aim to achieve in their financial activities.It determines the basic direction of corporate financial management.The most representative views on corporate financial goals currently include the following.

1.3.1 Profit Maximization(利润最大化)

Profit can refer to the current year's profit or the expected profit during the project evaluation process.The results of all financial activities of a company are ultimately reflected to a certain extent in the level of profit.Maximizing profits is the theoretical foundation of Microeconomics,and western economists used to analyze and evaluate corporate behavior and performance based on maximizing profits.This viewpoint holds that enterprises are profit-oriented economic organizations,and it is reasonable to prioritize maximizing profits as their goal.But there is also criticism believing that the goal of maximizing profits overlooks time value,risk,social responsibility,and long-term benefits,etc.

1.3.2 Earnings Per Share Maximization(每股收益最大化)

This view suggests that the company's profits should be linked to the capital invested by shareholders,and the goal of corporate finance should be summarized using earnings per share to avoid the shortcomings of profit maximization.But this view does not take into account the timing and risk of obtaining earnings per share.

1.3.3 Enterprise Value Maximization(企业价值最大化)

Maximizing enterprise value is a widely recognized view in the financial industry,and the financial goal of a corporate is thus defined as maximizing corporate(enterprise) value or shareholders .wealth.Managers should operate the firm's resources with the goal of increasing its market value.Enterprise value is the present value of the expected future cash flows that a corporate can create.This goal reflects the potential or expected profitability and growth ability of the enterprise,and its advantages are reflected in:①considering the time value of cash flows and investment risk;②reflecting the requirements for the preservation and appreciation of enterprise assets;③beneficial for overcoming one-sidedness and short-term behavior in management;④beneficial to the rational allocation of social resources.

1.3.4 Stock Price Maximization(股价最大化)

The main advantage of maximizing stock price is that:①it takes into account risk,and usually the stock price responds more sensitively to risk;②considering the timeliness of cash flows,which avoids to pursue short-term profits;③stock price is an objective indicator that is easy to quantify.However,the goal of maximizing stock price can only be applied to listed companies,and under nonefficient market conditions,stock prices are easily influenced by other factors.The goal of stock price maximization emphasizes shareholders.interests and overlooks other stakeholders.

Which is the correct goal then? Normally,to maximize shareholders .wealth outperforms other goals which are to some extent unilateral.For example,the goal to maximize current profits may be at the expense of future profits,thereby hindering the long-term growth of the firm.The Financial Manager's primary goal is to increase the value of the firm by selecting value creating projects and making smart financing decisions.However,at present,we need to ask a question of why only shareholders.interest is considered? How the interest of other stakeholders is ensured,likewise creditors,government,employees,customers,suppliers,communities,environment,managers,alliance partners,etc?

延伸阅读1-1 《股东至上还是利益相关者价值最大化?》

很多实证都支持公司治理应该采用利益相关者模式。如1992年哈佛大学的课题组在很长的时间里研究了两类公司的业绩:一类公司比较注重利益相关者价值;另一类则只重视传统的股东价值。结果他们发现在11年的时间里前一类公司的价值平均增长了682%,而后一类只增长了166%(金海平,2007)。但这些研究还不足以推翻股东主导的单边治理模式的有效性,因为类似的计量研究给出了完全相反的结论。以英美为代表的股东至上模式表现出迅猛的发展势头,更给利益相关者理论提出了这样一个问题:如何解释这种现象?这就必须从理论到实证都要有合理的证明和诠释。以前的实证研究虽表明多数情况下采用利益相关者治理模式的公司的经营绩效更好,但实证中所做的假设有些是不严格甚至是经不住推敲的。尤其是在以下几个方面:

(1)利益相关者的界定问题。企业为谁服务首先要解决的问题是企业是谁的。采用利益相关者治理模式就意味着在公司治理中各个层面的利益都要被考虑进去。那么就存在这样一个问题:利益相关者的边界在哪里?它是包括所有人和物,甚至空气在内的一个广义概念,还是一个特定的范围?尽管目前对其有各种各样的界定,如:广义的利益相关者和狭义的利益相关者、现实的利益相关者和潜在的利益相关者、关键利益相关者和非关键利益相关者等。但总的来说,每一种界定方法都能找出它的缺陷,即使对于非主流企业理论的经济学家来说,目前对利益相关者的界定也还未达成一致的结论,这无疑会给利益相关者理论的体系构建带来制约,也容易使其成为股东至上理论的攻击目标。另外,企业的边界也是不断变化的,例如战略联盟和虚拟企业就是这种状况。这样利益相关者的范围就在不断扩展。因为联盟前的企业和联盟后的企业,其利益相关者的范围是不一样的,这又给利益相关者的界定带来了新的问题。

(2)利益相关者的绩效评价问题。支持公司治理应采用利益相关者模式的理论其实有个隐含的前提,那就是采用利益相关者治理模式的公司的绩效要比采用股东至上治理模式的公司的绩效要强。不同的利益相关者参与企业决策的实践对企业实际绩效的影响很难计量,因为影响企业绩效的因素很多,无法把它们有效地分离,因而也就不能提出真正有说服力的计量检验结果。在前文中,我们可以看到,并非所有的实证都支持利益相关者治理的绩效性,这就给利益相关者治理模式提出了一个挑战:既然采用利益相关者治理方法无法改变企业的绩效,我们为什么还要采用利益相关者治理模式?这有三种可能:一是确实如这些实证所言,利益相关者治理和企业绩效本来就没有明显的正相关性;二是这些实证采用的方法可能有问题,但实际中有些国家的例子却证明非利益相关者治理确实也是有绩效的;三是对绩效的定义可能有问题,这里的绩效应该是社会绩效而不单纯是财务上的绩效,但社会绩效到底怎么去衡量目前仍然是个难题,这也给利益相关者理论留下了问题。

(3)基于利益相关者的公司治理模式。利益相关者理论的归宿实际上是提出一套适用的公司治理模式(陈宏辉,2004)。在传统的设计中,无论是“资本雇佣劳动”模式还是“劳动雇佣资本”模式都会有明确的责任人和清晰的委托-代理关系。在理论上思路清晰,在操作上也明了可行。但这种单边治理模式一直不被研究利益相关者理论的学者看好。在指出其缺陷后,他们提出了基于利益相关者理论的公司治理模式,把利益相关者而不仅仅是股东作为企业的最高权力机关,企业的经营目标不再是单纯的盈利最大化,同时还必须承担相应的社会责任(杨瑞龙、周业安,2001)。这在理论上没有问题,但在实践中怎样实施就遇到了两个问题。一是不是所有利益相关者都能参与到企业治理中,如果所有利益相关者都参与公司的日常治理,那极有可能达成“谁都负责结果谁都负不了责”的局面。如果是部分参与,到底哪部分利益相关者才能参与?利益相关者对公司治理一方面通过政府立法间接规范竞争秩序,为公司的良好运转创造条件,另一方面让一部分利益相关者通过直接介入公司的决策机构参与公司的战略制定,从而保障自身的利益。或者根据成本收益原则,哪些利益相关者能直接进入董事会等决策机构,要取决于这种直接介入能否带来企业利益的增加。反之,如果不让某些利益相关者加入就必然遭受企业整体利益的明显或潜在的损失,那么让其进入就是有效的。但这些只是理论上的,现实中到底让哪部分利益相关者参与公司治理没有定论,处理得不好又可能回到“股东至上”的老路。二是企业的社会责任问题。现有的问题都强调企业要承担社会责任,并且已有大量文献证明企业承担社会责任有可能和企业绩效正相关,但企业怎样做才是承担了社会责任的表现,在利润目标和社会责任发生冲突时是不是放弃利润就算实现了社会责任?现有文献涉及很少,也未就此问题达成一致。这也给利益相关者理论的可接受程度提出了挑战。

资料来源:周翼翔,郝云宏.从股东至上到利益相关者价值最大化:一个研究文献综述[J].重庆工商大学学报(社会科学版),2008(5):20-26.