第7章　菲狄亚斯之后

你们是不是长着一个希腊鼻呢？你们又知不知道，什么叫希腊鼻呢？这种鼻子，倘若从侧面来看，鼻梁很直，从前额往下，呈一条直线。观察一下你们周围的人，看有没有人长着希腊鼻。如今长这种鼻子的人不多，而古希腊人自然也不是全都长着这种鼻子。不过，古希腊的雕塑家却认为，这种鼻子的形状最漂亮，因此他们便将自己雕塑作品中的人物全都雕成了希腊鼻。有一尊雕像，雕刻的是身为众神信使的赫耳墨斯，它就呈现出了一个完美的希腊鼻。

雕像里的赫耳墨斯，是一个身体强壮、体格健硕的年轻人。赫耳墨斯的胳膊中抱着一个小男孩，那是宙斯交给他，让他去照料的。赫耳墨斯显得很细心，因为他是轻轻地抱着那个小男孩；而你们则差不多会以为，那个小宝宝伸出小手，是准备去抓赫耳墨斯头上的卷发。可实际上，那个小宝宝准备去抓的，是赫耳墨斯手中曾经拎着的一串葡萄呢。虽说这尊雕像四肢的一部分已经不见了，可它的头部和身体却依然非常完美；很可能，世界上再也没有哪件破损的雕塑作品，会比它更迷人、更漂亮呢。这件作品，是一个名叫普拉克希特列斯的古希腊雕塑家制作出来的。就算他终生没有雕刻出其他任何作品，这一尊雕塑也足够伟大，足以让他流芳百世了。

人们认为，普拉克希特列斯还制作出了其他数尊雕像。其中之一，便是一尊农牧之神的雕像。农牧之神，是古罗马神话中一种半人半羊的生物。后来，纳撒尼

Perhaps the best known of all statues in the world is that of Venus, the goddess of love and beauty. The sculpture was found on the Greek island of Melos, and so it is called the Venus of Melos, or Venus de Milo.She, too, has a perfect Greek nose.We do not know who the sculptor was, but some people now think that one of the students of Praxiteles must have made it.

In the statue, Venus has no arms, but a great many people have tried to imagine what the arms were doing when she did have them. Some say that she was holding a bronze shield on her knee and looking into its brightly polished surface to see her reflection.People had no glass mirrors at that time.Instead their mirrors were made of shiny metal.Others say she held a lance or something else or nothing at all, but no one is sure.

Venus de Milo was discovered by accident. A man happened to pass by a limekiln on the island of Melos one day and the statue was lying on the

尔·霍桑写《玉石雕像》时的灵感，就来自这尊雕像呢。但是，我们并不确定，世上还有没有他亲自制作的其他雕像。

或许，全世界所有的雕塑作品中，最广为人知的要算爱情和美貌女神维纳斯的那尊雕像了。这座雕像是在希腊的米洛斯岛上发现的，因此被称为《米洛斯的维纳斯》，或者《米罗的维纳斯》。这座维纳斯的雕像，也有一个完美的希腊鼻。虽说我们搞不清楚是谁创作了这座雕像，但如今有些人认为，这一定是普拉克希特列斯的某位学生雕刻出来的。

这座雕像里的维纳斯没有胳膊。许多人都曾经试图去想象，有胳膊的时候，她的胳膊究竟在干什么。有些人说，她是手持一面青铜盾牌，并将盾牌搁在自己膝上，看着打磨得非常光亮的盾面，在照镜子。当时，世界上还没有玻璃镜面呢。人们都是用闪亮的金属器具来当镜子的。还有一些人则说，她是手持长矛，或者手持其他东西，或者手里根本就没拿任何东西。不过，这些都只是猜测，谁也没法肯定。

《米罗的维纳斯》是在无意当中被人们发现的。有一天，一个人偶然经过了米

ground near the limekiln.A limekiln is a kind of furnace where stone is burned to turn it into lime.The Greek owner of the limekiln, like a good many people today, saw no beauty in the old broken statue and was about to break it up and put it in the furnace to turn it into lime.The man who happened by in the nick of time did know how valuable the statue was and he bought it.After some time, France got it and placed it in the Louvre Museum in Paris.It is one of that museum’s chief treasures and cannot be bought for any sum of money.

Many believe this statue to be the most beautiful of all women because she is a combination of women who are different ages all at once. She is a young girl, young mother, and mature woman all at the same time.Can you see who's who?

Praxiteles had a friend named Scopas, who also was a sculptor but he liked to make statues that showed people in an emotional state. There are several statues showing the mythological figure Niobe and her children that Scopas may have done, for the statues are the kind he did-they show the emotion of suffering.But some believe Praxiteles did them.Others think the students of one of these two sculptors did them.

The Greek story of Niobe is this：Niobe was the mother of fourteen children-seven boys and seven

洛斯岛上的一座石灰窑，发现这尊雕像就躺在石灰窑附近的地上。石灰窑是一种能够把石头烧化成石灰的大火炉。当时，拥有这座石灰窑的那个希腊人就像如今的许多人一样，看不出这尊又旧又破的雕像有什么美感来，所以正准备打碎雕像，将它扔进窑里去烧成石灰哩。在这千钧一发之际碰巧经过的那个人，却知道这尊雕像有多珍贵，所以将雕像买了下来。过了一段时间，这尊雕像被法国购得，成了巴黎卢浮宫的藏品。如今，这座雕像可是卢浮宫的镇馆之宝，出多少钱也买不到了哩。

许多人都认为，这尊雕像是所有女性雕塑作品中最美丽的一座，因为它将同一女性不同年龄段的美丽集于一身。她既是一个少女，一位年轻的母亲，同时也是一个成熟的女人。你们能看出哪个地方说明她是少女，哪个地方又说明她是年轻的母亲和成熟的女人吗？

普拉克希特列斯有一个朋友，叫作斯科帕斯，后者也是一位雕塑家，但他喜欢制作表现人们情感状态的雕塑。有好几尊描述神话人物尼俄柏及其孩子们的雕塑，可能都是斯科帕斯的杰作，因为这些雕塑完全符合他的风格：它们都表现了人物承受苦难时的强烈情感。不过，有些人却认为，这几座雕像都是普拉克希特列斯雕刻出来的。还有一些人则认为，它们是这两位雕塑家的一位学生雕刻出来的。

在古希腊神话中，关于尼俄柏的故事是这样的：尼俄柏是一位母亲，她生了

girls-of whom she was very proud.But she made the mistake of boasting about them to a goddess who had only two children and that made the goddess jealous.As a punishment, all of Niobe’s children were killed before her eyes.Niobe, with her arms wrapped around her youngest child, is shown trying to shield her from the arrows of the gods.As her last child was killed, the gods, as a great favor, turned Niobe into stone so she wouldn’t suffer any more.

One of the students of Scopas is supposed to have made another very famous statue that we call Winged Victory, or Victory of Samothrace because it was found on the Greek island of Samothrace. The statue was made to celebrate a victory of the Greeks at sea.The statue shows the goddess of victory standing on the prow of a boat with the wind blowing back her robe.Although she has neither head nor arms, you can see in your mind's eye how she must have looked as she stood triumphantly erect, blowing a trumpet and facing the sea breeze.

Have you ever noticed what someone looks like when he is running fast or perhaps riding a bicycle as fast as possible down a long hill?When you look at Winged Victory, you can see her just like that. Her flowing clothes and wings give you a feeling of the wind rushing by.And there is something very unusual too.You can see different parts of her body clearly.Imagine how difficult it is to show that in marble and you will see just why Winged Victory is so famous.

You may wonder why someone has not repaired this Greek statue-that is, brought it back to its original condition by putting a new head and arms on it. As a matter of fact, many sculptors have tried to do so.Of course they were not allowed

十四个孩子，七男七女，并且很为自己的这些孩子感到自豪。不过，她犯了一个错误，竟然向一位只生了两个孩子的女神吹嘘自己的孩子们有多了不起，从而让那位女神妒火中烧。作为惩罚，她命人当面杀死了尼俄柏的十四个孩子。雕像中的尼俄柏紧紧地抱着最小的孩子，样子就像是在竭力替孩子挡住众神射过来的箭矢。最后一个孩子也被杀死之后，众神又“大发慈悲”，将尼俄柏变成了石头，以便让她不再受苦。

人们认为，斯科帕斯的一位学生制作出了另一尊极其著名的雕像，我们称这座雕像为《双翼胜利女神》，或者《萨莫色雷斯的胜利女神》，因为这尊雕像是在希腊一个叫作萨莫色雷斯的岛屿上发现的。制作这尊雕像，是为了庆祝古希腊人的一次海战大捷。雕像描述的是胜利女神站在船首，海风将她身上的长袍向后吹拂着的情形。尽管雕像既没有头，也没有胳膊，但你们完全可以想象得出，她欢欣鼓舞地矗立船头，吹着得胜的号角，面对猎猎海风时的模样呢。

你们有没有注意过，一个人正在飞速奔跑，或者骑着自行车飞速冲下一条长长的山坡时的样子呢？观察观察《双翼胜利女神》这尊雕像，你们就会看到，雕像的样子正是如此。她那飘扬的衣裾和双翼，给人一种海风迅速拂过身旁的感觉。这尊雕像还有某种极其罕见之处。你们完全可以清晰地看出女神的各个身体部位来。想一想，用大理石来清晰地表现出各个部位该有多么困难；这样，你们就会明白，《双翼胜利女神》这尊雕像为何会如此有名了。

你们可能会觉得奇怪，为什么没有人修复这尊古希腊的雕塑作品；也就是说，为什么没有人给它安上一个

to experiment on the original statue, but they made copies and added the missing parts as they supposed those parts must have been.It may seem strange, but every such restoration, as it is called, has been so unsatisfactory that everyone prefers the broken statue instead of a restored one.

I know a little girl who always puts her hand over the illustrations in a book that she loves to read.“Because，”she says，“the picture I see in my mind is so much better than the picture in the book that I don't want the picture I have in my mind spoiled！”Can you picture in your mind how the Winged Victory or the Venus de Milo once looked?

新的脑袋和新的胳膊，从而将它恢复到原貌。事实上，很多的雕塑家都曾经试过这一点呢。当然，他们是不准在这尊雕像的原作上进行试验的；不过，他们制作了许多的复制品，并将他们以为原先一定存在、如今不见了的身体部位补上去。虽说似乎奇怪得很，但每次所谓的“复原”都让人们觉得非常不满意，因此大家都宁愿去看这尊破损了的原作，也不愿再将它复原。

我认识一个小姑娘，她总是会用手遮住自己喜欢看的、书里面的插图。“因为，”她解释说，“我脑海里想象出来的图画，要比书里的好多了，所以不想让书里的插图毁掉我想象中的画面！”你们能在脑海里想象一下，《双翼胜利女神》或者《米罗的维纳斯》这两尊雕像曾经的样子吗？