第5章　自然站立

小时候，在学校举行的大会上背诵诗歌时，我都会像古希腊人雕刻的拉美西斯大帝一样地站在台上，双手直直地垂在身体两侧，双脚紧紧并拢，稳稳当当地踩在地板上。

“僵硬刻板得很，”我的老师曾经如此评价道，“你不能站得更加自然一点儿吗？两只脚一前一后！”

于是，我便站得像那尊“布拉克校长”的木雕一样了，可我的双脚，却仍然平平地踩在地板上。这可是我能够保持的最自然的站姿了，而这似乎也是雕塑家们能够让自己制作出来的雕像保持站姿的最佳办法，直到出现了一位名叫波利克里托斯的古希腊雕塑家，这种情况才有所改变。

波利克里托斯制作了一尊运动员的雕像，名叫《执矛者》。这是历史上第一座拥有一种放松而自然之站姿的雕像。其中人物的重心放在一条腿上，并且双脚是一前一后。波利克里托斯是在运动员的一只脚跟下楔入了一小块垫子，让这条腿抬起来，摆出正确的姿势，并且给运动员以及整座雕像以必需的支撑力，从而做到这一点的。古希腊人称《执矛者》是一种理想的形体，因为其中人物的比例非常完美；而其他的雕塑家也纷纷将这座雕像当成典范，模仿它的比例来制作雕像。事实上，一些真正的运动员还想方设法地要通过锻炼，好让自己胸膛、四肢的大小变得像《执矛者》中的那位运动员一样哩。

Polyclitus also made a statue of a woman athlete called an Amazon. The Amazons were a mythological race of warrior women who wanted nothing to do with men-except to fight them in battles and duels.

Other sculptors admired these two statues by Polyclitus and made copies of them in marble. It is fortunate for us they did so, for all we have now are the copies.The ones that Polyclitus himself made have disappeared and no trace of them is left.

Polyclitus made his statues out of a metal called bronze. The first metal ever discovered was not gold or silver or iron but copper.Then tin was found, and tin and copper were combined to make bronze.So bronze is not a pure metal.It is a combination of copper and tin.Bronze lasts if kept dry；however, when it is

exposed to the weather or dampness, it is gradually eaten away. Bronze could be worked so well that the Greeks loved to make statues and other things out of it.It does not rust like iron, it is not expensive like gold or silver, and over the course of time, it gets a greenish coating called a patina.

I have an ancient lamp made of bronze with a beautiful patina that took perhaps two thousand years to form. Some people try to imitate the real patina by treating bronze with acid, but only nature and time can make the real patina.

波利克里托斯还制作了一尊叫作《阿玛宗人》的女性运动员雕像。阿玛宗人是神话传说中一个由好战的女性所组成的民族；除了在战斗和决斗中与男子作战，她们可不希望与男子发生任何瓜葛呢。

其他的雕塑家都很崇拜波利克里托斯创作的这两座雕像，因而用大理石制作出了许多的仿制品。对于我们来说，幸亏他们这样做了，因为如今我们只有这两座雕像的仿制品了。波利克里托斯亲手雕刻出来的原作已经不见了，连一丁点儿痕迹也没有留下。

波利克里托斯制作雕像时，用的是一种叫作“青铜”的金属。人类发现的第一种金属，既非黄金、白银，也不是钢铁，而是铜。接着，人们发现了锡。于是，他们便将锡和铜熔化混合，制成了青铜。因此，青铜并不是一种纯金属，而是铜、锡的合金。假如放在干燥的环境里，青铜就能够长久保存；然而，一旦遭到日晒雨淋或者受潮，青铜就会慢慢腐蚀。由于青铜很容易加工，因此古希腊人很喜欢用青铜来制作雕塑或者其他物品。青铜不会像铁那样生锈，也不像金、银那样昂贵；而随着时间的流逝，青铜器上还会长出一层叫作“铜绿”的绿色覆盖物呢。

我收藏着的一盏古代油灯，上面就长了一层漂亮的铜绿；这层铜绿，没准要两千年的时间才能形成哩。如今有些人试图通过用酸性溶液对青铜器加以处理，来仿制出真正的铜绿；可真正的铜绿，只有自然和时间才能造就。

Another Greek sculptor, a friend of Polyclitus, was named Myron. Myron went further than Polyclitus in giving his figures naturalness and action.One of his statues is called The Discus Thrower.Discus-throwing is a sport in which the object is to see how far a heavy disk can be thrown underhanded.

The Discus Thrower is shown at the moment just before he hurls the discus. Notice the toes of the front foot gripping the ground and those on the rear foot being drawn along the ground to balance the body.Back then, the discus weighed about two and a half pounds and the record throw was less than one hundred feet.That may not seem very far until you try it.Today the discus has been thrown up to one hundred and fifty-five feet.

The Discus Thrower was first made in bronze, but the bronze statue has disappeared and the statue shown here was made in marble from a copy. It is one of several marble copies in museums around the world.The difference between the bronze and marble copy, besides the color, is that marble is so heavy that it breaks if it is not supported.That is why the

还有一位古希腊雕塑家，他是波利克里托斯的朋友，名叫米隆。在赋予雕像以自然感和运动感方面，米隆比波利克里托斯更进了一步。他制作出来的雕塑当中，有一座叫作《掷铁饼者》。掷铁饼是一项体育运动，目的是看一个运动员究竟能手不过肩地将一块沉重的铁饼扔多远。

《掷铁饼者》表现的，是运动员正要将铁饼猛力掷出去的那一瞬间。请注意，雕像前脚五趾紧抓地面，而后脚五趾则抵在地上，目的是保持身体的平衡。当时，每块铁饼重约二点五磅，而投掷距离的最远纪录，也不过一百英尺。除非你们自己去试一试，否则这一距离似乎也不算太远呢。如今，铁饼已经被运动员们掷到了一百五十五英尺远啦。

《掷铁饼者》起初是用青铜制作而成的，可那座青铜原作已经不复存在，所以此处所示的这座雕像，是根据一份复制品用大理石制作出来的。它可是世界上所有博物馆中为数不多的大理石复制品中的一座呢。青铜原作与大理石复制品之间的差异，除了颜色，就是大理石雕像很重，假如没有支撑的话，就会破裂。《掷铁饼者》的大理石复制品上，其中人物一条腿的后面之所以会有一个样子古怪、像树干

marble copy of The Discus Thrower has an odd-looking, tree-trunk shape behind one leg-to hold up the weight and keep the statue from toppling over and breaking.

Myron also made a bronze cow that was so natural it is said to have fooled everybody into thinking it was a real cow. But this cow has disappeared and there are not any copies.

Bronze statues were entirely eaten away or melted down over the course of time. Marble statues often were broken but otherwise lasted, and many have been far luckier than Humpty Dumpty because they have been put back together again.

似的东西，原因就在这里：这个东西，就是为了支撑人物的重量，使整座雕像不至于翻倒、打破才加上去的。

米隆还制作过一座青铜母牛雕像。这座雕像非常自然、逼真，据说还骗过了所有人的眼睛，让大家都以为那是一头真的母牛呢。不过，这座母牛雕塑如今也不复存在了，并且没有留下任何复制品。

随着时间的推移，青铜雕塑要么是被完全腐蚀掉，要么就是毁掉了。可大理石雕塑除非被打碎，否则就能长久保存下去；而许多的大理石雕塑也要比“蛋壳先生”幸运得多，因为后来它们都被人们再次拼合、复原了。