第4章　大理石雕塑

小的时候，我曾经无意中听到父亲与他的一位朋友在谈论弹珠的问题。

“您知道，”我的父亲说，“希腊人制作出来的弹珠，可是全世界最精致的呢。”

他的朋友则回答道：“是的，希腊人制作出来的弹珠无疑是世界上最精致的。”我很奇怪，这两个成年人为什么会谈论起弹珠来。我也很想知道，那些能够做出如此精美弹珠的希腊人是谁，要到哪里才能买到这种弹珠，因为当时我自己就有一些非常精美的、好玩的弹珠。直到后来我才明白，他们谈论的并不是用于玩耍的弹珠，而是古希腊人用石头制作出来的雕塑。人们只是将这些雕塑统称为大理石雕塑，而不是称之为大理石浅浮雕和大理石雕像。

希腊曾经是地中海地区的一个小国，如今也仍然是这样。不过，古希腊人和如今的希腊人并不是一回事儿。古希腊人信仰众多的男神、女神和英雄人物，也有许多关于这些神灵和英雄人物的故事流传下来。这些故事传说，被称为“神话”。古希腊人还按照自己想象中的众神的样子和举止，制作出了许多漂亮的神灵雕像；而自那时以后，世界上就再也没有人能够制作出如此漂亮的雕塑作品了。制作雕塑，就是如今的我们没法比古人干得更好的众多事情之一。

古埃及人通常是用花岗岩来制作雕像的；花岗岩质地太硬，人们无法极为精细地进行雕刻。古亚述人曾用汉白玉来制作雕塑，可汉白玉的质地又太软，无法像艺

long as the artist would have liked.The Greeks made theirs of marble and that was just right.One reason they made such beautiful statues was because they had such beautiful marble to make them from.

In Greece there were several places called quarries where the finest marble in the world was found. One was on a mountain called Pentelicus and another was on an island called Paros.There is still plenty of marble from Pentelicus and Paros, but there is no Greek or other person now living who can make it into such sculpture as did these Greeks who lived two thousand years ago.It takes more than good marble to make a good statue.

But the Greeks did not start off making beautiful statues. The first and oldest piece of Greek sculpture we have is of two lions over a stone gateway at a place called Mycenae.These lions have lost their heads.But even with the heads they once had, they could not have been any finer than some of the Assyrian lions cut in alabaster.

One of the next oldest pieces of Greek sculpture looks almost like something a child might have done, but that is to be expected, for it was made

术家所希望的那样持久保存下去。而古希腊人的大理石雕塑，质地则不软不硬，刚刚好。他们之所以制作出了如此美观的雕塑作品，原因之一便在于他们有非常漂亮的大理石来进行雕刻。

在希腊，有几个地方发现了世界上品质最佳的大理石；这些地方，叫作采石场。其中一个位于一座叫作彭德利康的山上，另一个则位于一座叫作帕罗斯的岛屿上。如今，虽说彭德利康山和帕罗斯岛上仍然储有丰富的大理石，但没有哪个在世的希腊人或者其他人能够像两千年前的古希腊人那样，用这些大理石雕刻出如此美丽的雕塑作品了。制作出一尊优秀的雕像，需要的可不只是品质优良的大理石啊。

可古希腊人并不是一开始就制作出了漂亮的雕塑作品。我们如今能见到的古希腊第一尊，也是历史最悠久的雕像，是位于一个叫作迈锡尼的古城石门上的两头狮子。这两头狮子的脑袋都不在了。不过，就算是安上最初的狮头，它们也不可能比古亚述人用汉白玉雕刻出来的那些狮子更精美。

下一件最古老的古希腊雕塑，看上去差不多就像是一个小孩子做的东西；不过，这一点是必然的，因为这件雕塑就是古希腊初期制作出来的。它表现的是古希腊人关于珀耳修斯和美杜莎的传说。

when Greece was a child.It tells the Greek story of Perseus and Medusa.

Medusa was a beautiful girl who dared to compete in beauty with Athena, the goddess of wisdom. To punish her, Athena turned Medusa into a horrible-looking creature with hissing snakes that writhed and twisted about her head.So terrible was Medusa's face that anyone who looked at her was turned into stone.

A young hero named Perseus was dared by an enemy of his to cut off Medusa's horrible head. The goddess Athena, who was a friend of Perseus, led him to Medusa.To get there quickly, Perseus borrowed a pair of winged sandals from the god Hermes.When he came to the place where Medusa lay asleep, he borrowed Athena's shield so he could use the shiny inside as a mirror to see how to cut off her head without looking directly at her-and out sprang a winged horse called Pegasus.

In the sculpture, Perseus is shown cutting off Medusa's head as he looks away. Medusa clasps Pegasus in her arms.Athena, on the other side, looks more like a man than a girl, and although she is facing front, her foot is twisted sideways so it would fall inside the block of stone.

美杜莎本来是一个漂亮的女孩，可她竟然敢去与智慧女神雅典娜比美。为了惩罚她，雅典娜便将美杜莎变成了一种样子很恐怖的生物，让她的头上全都是嘶嘶地吐着信子、交错盘旋在一起的蛇。美杜莎的脸极其可怕，会让任何看到她的人都变成石头呢。

当时，有位叫作珀耳修斯的年轻英雄，他的一个敌人用激将法，激他敢不敢去砍掉美杜莎那颗可怕的脑袋。雅典娜女神是珀耳修斯的朋友，便带着他去找美杜莎。为了快点儿到达，珀耳修斯便向赫耳墨斯借了一双长有翅膀的鞋子。他来到美杜莎的老巢后，看到美杜莎躺在那儿睡着了；他借来了雅典娜的盾牌，因为那样的话，就可以把盾牌那光亮的里侧当成一面镜子，从而不用直视美杜莎，便可以将她的脑袋砍下来了。就在砍掉美杜莎的脑袋之后，却突然出现了一匹叫作珀加索斯的飞马！

在这件雕塑作品中，珀耳修斯正在割下美杜莎的脑袋，眼睛却看着别的地方。美杜莎双臂中抱着珀加索斯。而在珀耳修斯另一侧的雅典娜，看上去却更像是一名

Medusa’s right leg is longer than the left, for the left leg is very short from the knee up.Are you wondering why her legs are such different lengths?To show her walking, one leg had to be made longer so both could remain on the platform and the statue could stand up.Pegasus is depicted as a tiny toy horse and his hind legs are like those of a kangaroo-much longer than his front legs.

The Lion Gateway and Perseus and Medusa are both in high relief, but later the statue Apollo of Tenea was made in-the-round. Apollo was the Greek Sun god and, along with Adonis, was supposed to be one of the most handsome of all the gods, but this statue of him may not make you think that he is beautiful.Sometimes ideas about beauty change.

The ancient Greeks thought the human body was the most beautiful thing in the world. They tried to make their own bodies beautiful through sports, exercise, and healthful living, and they made statues of their most famous athletes as examples.

Today we often liken athletic-looking people to Apollo. This statue is probably not of

男子，而不是一位姑娘；并且，尽管她是正脸朝前，可她的双脚却是扭向两侧的，目的是使她的双脚不会凸出到整块石头外面去。美杜莎的右腿要比左腿长，因为左腿的膝盖部分以上非常短。你们是不是觉得奇怪，为什么她的双腿长短会如此不同呢？原因在于，要想雕刻出一尊表现出她走路姿态的雕像，一条腿就必须比另一条腿长才行，因为只有这样，两条腿才能处于同一水平，雕像才能站立起来。珀加索斯被雕成了一匹小小的玩具马，而它的两条后腿，也像袋鼠腿一样，比前腿要长得多呢。

石狮城门、珀耳修斯和美杜莎雕像都是高浮雕，但后来的《泰内亚的阿波罗》却是一尊圆雕。阿波罗是古希腊的太阳神，并且他和阿多尼斯两人被认为是众神当中最英俊的美男子；不过他的这尊雕塑，却可能不会让你们觉得他有多么英俊呢。有的时候，人们对于美的观念是会改变的。

古希腊人认为，人体是世界上最美丽的东西。他们竭尽全力，想要通过运动、锻炼和健康生活，让自己的身材变得漂亮起来；并且，他们还给那些最著名的运动健将制作雕像，把这些人当成自己学习的榜样。

如今，我们常常会将那些体型看上去很像是运动健将的人比作阿波罗。这尊雕

Apollo at all, but just the figure of an athlete such as a runner or a jumper.In this sculpture Apollo is not beefy like the Assyrians or skinny like the Egyptians, but his face has a particular expression, the hair is perfectly placed, and the eyes seem to bulge.

Apollo of Tenea is one of the first statues we have that seems to be smiling. Perhaps the man has just won a race.More likely, the smile is there to show liveliness so that the face, like the figure, looks more natural or real.This early, or archaic, sculpture is interesting, but from this point forward the Greek statues are not only interesting but also beautiful in the way we think of beauty nowadays.

像，雕的很可能根本就不是阿波罗，可能只是一个运动员的形象，比如说长跑运动员或者跳高运动员罢了。这尊雕塑中的阿波罗，既不像古亚述人的雕像那样结实、健壮，也不像古埃及人的雕像那样干瘦、苗条；可他的脸上，却有一种特别的神情，头发雕刻得非常完美，而双眼则向外凸出。

《泰内亚的阿波罗》是我们目前拥有的，其中的人物似乎是在微笑的第一批雕像之一。或许，这个人物是刚刚赢得了一场比赛呢。而更有可能的则是，这种微笑是为了让雕像显得很生动，从而让面部跟身体一样，看上去更加自然、逼真。这尊早期的或者“古代的”雕像，雕刻得很有意思；可自此以后，古希腊的雕塑就变得非但有意思，还非常美丽，符合我们如今的审美了。