第5章 里仁第四
4-1
子曰：“里仁为美。择不处仁，焉得知？”
Confucius remarked! “It is the moral life of a neighborhood which constitutes its excellence. He is not an intelligent man, who, in choosing his residence, does not select a place with a moral surrounding.”
【白话译文】
孔子说：“乡邻之间蕴含的高尚美德，能够营造品德高尚的生活。一个人在选择住处的时候，如果不选择道德高尚的地方，这样的人就不是聪明人。”
4-2
子曰：“不仁者不可以久处约，不可以长处乐。仁者安仁，知者利仁。”
Confucius remarked! "A man without moral character cannot long put up with adversity, nor can he long enjoy prosperity.
“Men of moral character find themselves at home in being moral; men of intelligence find it advantageous to be moral.”
【白话译文】
孔子说：“缺乏高尚品德的人不能长久忍受生活的贫困和不幸，也不能享受持久的荣华富贵。品德高尚的人在家也具有高尚的品德，聪明人会发现做一个品德高尚的人是非常有利的。”
4-3
子曰：“唯仁者能好人，能恶人。”
Confucius remarked! “It is only men of moral character who know how to love men or to hate men.”
【白话译文】
孔子说：“只有拥有高尚品德的人，才懂得如何爱憎分明。”
4-4
子曰：“苟志于仁矣，无恶也。”
Confucius remarked! “If you fix your mind upon a moral life, you will be free from evil.”
【白话译文】
孔子说：“如果你专心专意于提高自己的道德修养，就会远离邪恶。”
4-5
子曰：“富与贵，是人之所欲也，不以其道得之，不处也；贫与贱，是人之所恶也，不以其道得之，不去也。君子去仁，恶乎成名？君子无终食之间违仁，造次必于是，颠沛必于是。”
Confucius remarked! "Riches and honours are objects of men's desire; but if I cannot have them without leaving the path of duty, I would not have them. Poverty and a low position in life are objects of men's dislike; but if I cannot leave them without departing from the path of duty, I would not leave them.
“A wise man who leaves his moral character is no longer entitled to the name of a wise man. A wise man never for one single moment in his life loses sight of a moral life; in moments of haste and hurry, as in moments of danger and peril, he always clings to it.”
【白话译文】
孔子说：“荣华富贵是每个人追求的目标，但如果为了得到荣华富贵而拒绝承担责任，我宁肯放弃这样的目标；贫穷卑微的生活是人们都厌恶的，但是如果不背离责任就无法摆脱贫困的生活，我宁愿不摆脱这样的生活。智者如果失去了高尚的品德，就不配称为智者。智者在生活中每时每刻从未忽视道德的规范，即便是异常忙碌，遇到艰难险阻，也总是坚守高尚的品德。”
4-6
子曰：“我未见好仁者，恶不仁者。好仁者，无以尚之；恶不仁者，其为仁矣，不使不仁者加乎其身。有能一日用其力于仁矣乎？我未见力不足者。盖有之矣，我未之见也。”
Confucius remarked! "I do not now see a man who really loves a moral life; or one who really hates an immoral life. One who really loves a moral life would esteem nothing above it.One who really hates an immoral life would be a moral man who would not allow anything the least immoral in his life.
“Nevertheless, if a man were really to exert himself for one single day to live a moral life, I do not believe he will find that he has not the strength to do it.At least I have never heard of such a case.”
【白话译文】
孔子说：“现在我还没有看到真正热爱高尚品德的人，或者看到真正憎恶不道德生活的人。真正热爱高尚品德生活的人，会把高尚的品德看得高于一切；而真正憎恶不道德生活的人，在日常生活中不会允许任何不道德的事情影响他，那么他就会成为一个品德高尚的人。无论如何，如果有人真的想让自己过一天品德高尚的生活，我相信他会发现自己有足够的力量这么做。但我至少到现在还没有听说过这样的事情。”
4-7
子曰：“人之过也，各于其党。观过，斯知仁矣。”
Confucius remarked! “Men's faults are characteristic. By observing a man's failings you can judge of his moral character.”
【白话译文】
孔子说：“人们的错误都具有各自的性格特征。通过观察一个人所犯的错误，就可以判断这个人的道德品质。”
4-8
子曰：“朝闻道，夕死可矣。”
Confucius remarked! “When a man has learnt wisdom in the morning, he may be content to die in the evening before the sun set.”
【白话译文】
孔子说：“当一个人在早晨学到了知识，那么在太阳下山前死去，也可能是非常知足的事情。”
4-9
子曰：“士志于道，而耻恶衣恶食者，未足与议也。”
Confucius remarked! “It is useless to speak to a gentleman who wants to give himself up to serious studies and who yet is ashamed because of his poor food or bad clothes.”
【白话译文】
孔子说：“如果一个人立志于刻苦学习，但是又以吃不饱穿不暖为羞耻，同这样的人交谈是毫无用处的。”
4-10
子曰：“君子之于天下也，无适也，无莫也，义之与比。”
Confucius remarked! “A wise man in his judgment of the world, has no predilections nor prejudices; he is on the side of what is right.”
【白话译文】
孔子说：“聪明人在对社会做出评判时，不会有任何嗜好或偏见，而总是站在正确的一边。”
4-11
子曰：“君子怀德，小人怀土；君子怀刑，小人怀惠。”
Confucius remarked! “A wise man regards the moral worth of a man; a fool, only his position.*A wise man expects justice; a fool, only expects favours.”
（We venture to think that there is a palpable misprint here in the text of 上， “earth!” for “position” 位，which has hitherto escaped all Chinese commentators.The old seal characters for the two words are identical; hence the misprint.）
【白话译文】
孔子说：“聪明人看重的是人的道德价值观，愚人看重的只是人的社会地位。*聪明人渴望公平公正，而愚人只想得到利益恩惠。”
[我冒昧地认为，在这句话中有一处非常明显的书写错误，“上”（土）表示职位，这种释例到目前为止从未被中国学者发现。在古汉语中，这两个词的意思是完全相同的，因此出现书写错误是正常的。]
4-12
子曰：“放于利而行，多怨。”
Confucius remarked! “If you always look only to your own advantages you will be sure to make many enemies.”
【白话译文】
孔子说：“如果你总是只考虑个人得失，那么肯定会树立很多敌人。”
4-13
子曰：“能以礼让为国乎，何有？不能以礼让为国，如礼何？”
Confucius remarked! “He who can rule a country by real courtesy and good manners that are in him, will find no difficulty in doing it. But a ruler who has no real courtesy and good manners in him, what can the mere rules of etiquette and formality avail him.”
【白话译文】
孔子说：“如果统治者能用发自内心的优雅举止和谦恭品德来统治国家，那么管理国家事务也就不存在困难。但是如果统治者缺乏优雅的举止和谦恭的品德，而仅仅依靠繁杂的礼节和规矩，对他又有什么用呢？”
4-14
子曰：“不患无位，患所以立；不患莫己知，求为可知也。”
Confucius remarked! “Be not concerned for want of a position; be concerned how to fit yourself for a position.Be not concerned that you are not known, but seek to do something to deserve a reputation.”
【白话译文】
孔子说：“不要总是考虑做官的问题，应当考虑如何才能胜任自己的工作。不要总是去想自己不被人所知，而是要通过努力做事来赢得好的声誉。”
4-15
子曰：“参乎，吾道一以贯之。”曾子曰：“唯。”子出，门人问曰：“何谓也？”曾子曰：“夫子之道，忠恕而已矣。”
Confucius remarked to a disciple! “In all my life and teaching there is one underlying connected principle.” “Even so!” answered the disciple.
Afterwards, when Confucius had left, the other disciples asked the disciple who was above spoken to! “What did the master mean by what he said just now?” “The principle in the master's life and teaching!” answered the disciple! “is comprised in the two words: conscientiousness and charity.”
【白话译文】
孔子对一位学生（曾参）说：“有一条原则始终贯穿于我的生活和教学生涯中。”学生（曾参）回答：“我也是这么想的。”
过了一会儿，孔子离开了，其他学生就问之前和孔子说话的学生（曾参）：“刚才老师和你说的话是什么意思？”这位学生（曾参）回答：“贯穿于老师整个生活和教学生涯的原则，可以用两个词来概括：严谨认真，宽容博爱。”
4-16
子曰：“君子喻于义，小人喻于利。”
Confucius remarked! “A wise man sees what is right in a question; a fool, what is advantageous to himself.”*
（Sir Chaloner Alabaster translates thus: “The gentleman regards what is right; the cad regards what will pay.” ）
【白话译文】
孔子说：“聪明人看待问题时会关注什么是正确的，而愚人只会关注如何对他自己有利。”*
[阿查立爵士[35]是这么翻译这句话的：The gentleman regards what is right, the cad regards what will pay.（绅士看重的是什么是正确的，而流氓考虑的是能得到多少）。]
4-17
子曰：“见贤思齐焉，见不贤而内自省也。”
Confucius remarked! “When we meet with men of worth, we should think how we may equal them. When we meet with worthless men, we should turn into ourselves and find out if we do not resemble them.”
【白话译文】
孔子说：“当我们遇到值得学习的人，就应该思考如何与他们齐头并进。当我们遇到不如自己的人，就应该反省，并找出我们身上是否有和他们相同的缺点。”
4-18
子曰：“事父母几谏，见志不从，又敬不违，劳而不怨。”
Confucius remarked! “In serving his parents a son should seldom remonstrate with them; but if he was obliged to do so, and should find that they will not listen, he should yet not fail in respect nor disregard their wishes; however much trouble they may give him, he should never complain.”
【白话译文】
孔子说：“儿子在侍奉父母的时候，不应该责备父母。但是如果非得这样做的话，而父母又不愿听从，那么也不该不尊重父母，或对他们的要求置之不理。无论父母给儿子带来多大麻烦，儿子也应当绝不抱怨。”
4-19
子曰：“父母在，不远游，游必有方。”
Confucius remarked! “While his parents are living, a son should not go far abroad; if he does, he should let them know where he goes.”
【白话译文】
孔子说：“如果父母在世，儿子就不该远离家乡；如果要去远方，应告诉父母要去什么地方。”
4-20
子曰：“三年无改于父之道，可谓孝矣。”
Confucius remarked! “A son who for three years after his father's death does not, in his own life, change his father's principles, may be considered to be a good son.”
【白话译文】
孔子说：“当父亲去世三年后，儿子在其有生之年不改变父亲的处事原则，这样的儿子可以称为孝子。”
4-21
子曰：“父母之年，不可不知也。一则以喜，一则以惧。”
Confucius remarked! “A son should always keep in mind the age of his parents, as a matter of thankfulness as well as for anxiety.”
【白话译文】
孔子说：“子女应当总是把父母的年龄牢记在心，一方面是为了感恩，一方面是为父母年老而担心。”
4-22
子曰：“古者言之不出，耻躬之不逮也。”
Confucius remarked! “Men of old kept silence for fear lest what they said should not come up to what they did.”
【白话译文】
孔子说：“古代的人之所以保持沉默，是因为他们害怕说到却做不到。”
4-23
子曰：“以约失之者鲜矣。”
Confucius remarked! “He who wants little*seldom goes wrong.”
（Better, perhaps! “He who confines his sphere.”
“You will find, on the average, fewer had economists in the country than in the towns; fewer again in small towns than in large ones. Why? Man is intended for a limited condition.” —Goethe.）
【白话译文】
孔子说：“没有欲望的人*很少犯错误。”
[或许这样翻译更好：He who confines his sphere （能够控制自己欲望的人）。
“一般来说，你会发现，对于乡村而言，懂得经营的人要比城镇的人少得多；而小城镇里面懂得经营的人又比大城镇的少得多。为什么呢？这是因为人们受到了条件的限制。”——歌德]
4-24
子曰：“君子欲讷于言而敏于行。”
Confucius remarked! “A wise man wants to be slow in speech and diligent in conduct.”
【白话译文】
孔子说：“聪明人应当说话要谨慎，而行动要敏捷。”
4-25
子曰：“德不孤，必有邻。”
Confucius remarked! “Moral worth is never left alone; society is sure to grow round him.”
【白话译文】
孔子说：“有道德的人是不会孤立的，一定会有思想一致的人与他在一起。”
4-26
子游曰：“事君数，斯辱矣；朋友数，斯疏矣。”
A disciple of Confucius remarked! “In the service of your prince, if you keep constantly pointing out his errors it will lead to your disgrace; if you act in the same way to your friends it will estrange them.”
【白话译文】
孔子的一位学生（子游）说：“在事奉国君的时候，如果不停地指出国君的错误，必定会让自己遭到羞辱；如果以同样的方式对待朋友，必定会导致同朋友疏远。”