第10章 子罕第九
9-1
子罕言利，与命与仁。
Confucius in his Conversation seldom spoke of interests, of religion or of morality.
【白话译文】
孔子在谈话中很少提到利益、宗教和道德。[82]
9-2
达巷党人曰：“大哉孔子！博学而无所成名。”子闻之，谓门弟子曰：“吾何执？执御乎，执射乎？吾执御矣。”
A man of a certain place remarked! “Confucius is certainly a great man. He is a man of very extensive acquirements, but he has not distinguished himself in anything so as to make himself a name.”
When Confucius heard of the remark, he said to his disciples! “Now what shall I take up to distinguish myself? Shall I take up driving or shall I take up archery? I think I will take up archery.”
【白话译文】
某地有一个人说：“孔子真是个伟人。他知识特别渊博，但是他在任何事情上都没有刻意凸显自己，以便为自己博得名声。”
孔子听到这样的评论后，对他的学生说：“我该怎么凸显自己呢？我是该去驾车呢，还是该去射箭？我想我该去驾车。”
9-3
子曰：“麻冕，礼也；今也纯，俭，吾从众。拜下，礼也；今拜乎上，泰也。虽违众，吾从下。”
Confucius remarked! “Linen hats were considered good taste, but now people generally wear silk ones. The latter are less expensive; therefore I follow the general practice.It was considered correct form at one time to make your bow, as you enter, from the lower part of the room; but now the practice is to make your bow from the upper end of the room.The latter practice presumes too much; therefore I continue to make my bow from the lower part of the room.”
【白话译文】
孔子说：“戴亚麻布帽子曾被视为拥有很高的品位，但现在大家通常戴丝绸帽子。丝绸帽子价格低廉，所以我跟随大家的做法。进屋的时候，首先要在堂下跪拜行礼，这种做法曾被认为是正确的礼仪，但现在大家习惯到堂上跪拜，这是骄纵的表现。因此我仍然坚持在堂下跪拜行礼。”
9-4
子绝四：毋意，毋必，毋固，毋我。
There were four things from which Confucius was entirely free: He was free from self-interest, from prepossessions, from bigotry and from egoism.
【白话译文】
孔子完全杜绝了四种事情：绝不自私自利，绝不先入为主，绝不固执己见，绝不损人利己。
9-5
子畏于匡，曰：“文王既没，文不在兹乎？天之将丧斯文也，后死者不得与于斯文也；天之未丧斯文也，匡人其如予何？”
On one occasion, when Confucius was in fear for his personal safety from the violence of men of a certain place, he said to those about him! “Be not afraid. Since the death of King Wan (who founded this civilisation) is not the cause of this civilization with us here now? If God is going to destroy all civilisation in the world, it would not have been given to a mortal of this late generation to understand this civilization. But if God is not going to destroy all civilisation in the world—what can the people of this place do to me?”
【白话译文】
有一次，孔子来到一个地方（匡地[83]），害怕当地人的暴力会危害他的个人安全，就对周围的人说：“不要害怕，自从文王（周代文明的创建者）死后，周代的礼乐文明不一直都体现在我身上吗？如果上天要毁灭这个世界上所有的文明，就不会给我任何机会来了解这种文明；但是，如果上天不想毁灭世界上所有的文明，那么这里的人又能把我怎么样呢？”
9-6
太宰问于子贡曰：“夫子圣者与？何其多能也。”子贡曰：“固天纵之将圣，又多能也。”子闻之，曰：“太宰知我乎？吾少也贱，故多能鄙事。君子多乎哉？不多也。”牢曰：“子云：‘吾不试，故艺。’”
A minister of a certain State asked a disciple of Confucius, saying: “Your teacher—he is a holy man, is he not? What a variety of acquirements he seems to possess.” The disciple replied! “God has certainly been bountiful to him to make him a holy man. Besides he has himself acquired knowledge in many things.”
When Confucius afterwards heard of the conversation, he remarked! “Does the minister know me? When I was young, I was in a low position in life: therefore I had to acquire knowledge in many things; but they were merely ordinary matters of routine. You think a wise and good man requires much knowledge to make him so; no, he does not require much.”
A disciple also once remarked! “I have heard the Master say: 'I have not been called to act in public life; therefore I have had time to acquaint myself with many arts.'”
【白话译文】
有一个国家的部长问孔子的一位学生（子贡）：“你们老师是一位圣人，对不对？他知道的事情好像特别多。”这位学生回答：“上天对他慷慨大方，使他成为一位圣人。而且他自己也在各个领域汲取知识。”
后来，孔子听说了这次谈话，他说：“这个部长了解我吗？我年轻的时候，出身低微，因此我必须学习各种知识；但这些东西仅仅是日常生活中的平凡琐事。你认为聪明而高尚的人需要许多知识来充实自己吗？不，他不需要。”
有一次，一位学生（子牢[84]）也说：“我听老师说过：‘没有人要求我在社会生活中有一番作为，因此我有时间去学习许多技艺。’”
9-7
子曰：“吾有知乎哉？无知也。有鄙夫问于我，空空如也。我叩其两端而竭焉。”
Confucius once remarked to someone! “Do you think I have a great understanding? I have no great understanding at all. When an ordinary person asks my opinion on a subject, I myself have no opinion whatever of the subject; but by asking questions on the pros and cons, I get to the bottom of it.”
【白话译文】
有一次，孔子对别人说：“你以为我的理解能力很强吗？我根本没有很强的理解能力。当一个普通人问我对某件事的看法时，我对他所说的问题一无所知。但是，如果问我利与弊的问题，我可以对它进行透彻的分析。”
9-8
子曰：“凤鸟不至，河不出图，[85]吾已矣夫！”
Confucius was once heard to exclaim! “Ah, woe is me. I do not see any signs either in heaven or on earth that we are near the end of the present period of disorder and anarchy and that we are about to inaugurate a new order of things in the world.”
【白话译文】
有一次，有人听到孔子大声喊：“啊，我真悲哀呀，不管是天上还是地上，我都无法看到现在这种无政府的无序状态结束，我们将要创造出世界的新秩序的征兆。”
9-9
子见齐衰者、冕衣裳者与瞽者，见之，虽少，必作；过之，必趋。
When Confucius met a person dressed in deep mourning, an officer in full uniform or a blind person, on their approach, although such persons were younger than himself, he would always stand up, and, when walking past them, he would respectfully quicken his steps.
【白话译文】
当孔子遇到穿丧服的人、身着官服的官员或盲人时，尽管这些人比他年轻，孔子也会站起来；当从他们面前经过时，他会很礼貌地快步走过。
9-10
颜渊喟然叹曰：“仰之弥高，钻之弥坚，瞻之在前，忽焉在后。夫子循循然善诱人，博我以文，约我以礼，欲罢不能。既竭吾才，如有所立卓尔。虽欲从之，末由也已。”
A disciple, the favourite Yen Hui, speaking in admiration of Confucius'teaching, remarked: “The more I have looked up to it the higher it appears. The more I have tried to penetrate into it the more impenetrable it seems to be.When I have thought I have laid hold of it here, lo! it is there. But the Master knows admirably how to lead people on step by step.He has enlarged my mind with an extensive knowledge of the arts, while guiding and correcting my judgment and taste. Thus I could not stop in my progress, even if I would. But when I have exhausted my efforts and thought I have reached it, the goal would still stand clear and distinct away from me, and I have no means of reaching it, make what efforts I will.”
【白话译文】
孔子最喜欢的学生颜回曾感叹孔子的教学方式说：“我越是仰视，就越觉得它深奥莫测。我越是想探索其中的奥秘，就越觉得它无穷无尽。当我认为自己掌握了一些，那么，我就真的掌握了其中的一部分。但是老师善于一步一步地引导我，用各种典籍扩展我的思维，引导并纠正我的判断和审美观。因此，我不会停止学习，直到我拼尽全力。但是当我感到筋疲力尽并自认为已经掌握时，目标却依然矗立在我的前方，显得遥不可及。我虽竭尽所能，但也无法到达。”
9-11
子疾病，子路使门人为臣。病间，曰：“久矣哉，由之行诈也。无臣而为有臣。吾谁欺？欺天乎？且予与其死于臣之手也，无宁死于二三子之手乎？且予纵不得大葬，予死于道路乎？”
On one occasion, when Confucius was seriously sick, his disciple, the intrepid Chung Yu, made arrangements, in case of the decease of the sick man, that each of the disciples should assume the function of an officer in the household of a great noble.When Confucius came to know of what the disciple did, he, in a remission of his sickness, remarked: “I have for this long while observed that Yu (Chung Yu) practices self-deception in his actions.To pretend to have public officers when I have none: whom do I want to impose upon by that? Do I want to impose upon God? Besides, is it not better that I should die in the arms of you, my friends, than in the arms of mere unsympathetic officers? Again, even if I should never be buried with the honours of a public funeral, am I likely to be left unburied on the public road?”
【白话译文】
有一次，孔子得了重病，他的学生、勇猛的仲由（子路）来安排后事。子路让孔子的每个学生都模仿大贵族的家臣去做孔子的家臣。后来，孔子的病好了一些，当他得知子路所做的一切时，说道：“我早就注意到仲由平时会做一些弄虚作假的事情。我没有家臣，却偏要装作有家臣：我要家臣做什么呢？难道我要欺骗上天吗？而且，我在你们怀中死去，不是比死在那些毫无怜悯之心的家臣手中更好吗？此外，即使我不能用大夫之礼来埋葬，难道我会被丢在路边没人管吗？”
9-12
子贡曰：“有美玉于斯，韫椟而藏诸？求善贾而沽诸？”子曰：“沽之哉，沽之哉！我待贾者也。”
A disciple once said to Confucius! “There is a beautiful gem here. Shall I put it in a case and lay it by; or shall I seek for a good price and sell it?”
“Sell it by all means!” answered Confucius. “Sell it by all means; but, if I were you, I should wait until the price were offered.”
【白话译文】
有一次，孔子的一位学生（子贡）问：“这里有一颗美丽的宝石，我是把它放在盒子里不管不顾呢，还是高价把它卖掉？”“一定要卖掉，”孔子回答，“一定要卖掉！但如果我是你，我会等人开出好价钱再卖掉。”
9-13
子欲居九夷。或曰：“陋，如之何？”子曰：“君子居之，何陋之有？”
On one occasion Confucius said he would go and live among the barbarous tribes in the East: “You will there!” remarked somebody! “feel the want of refinement.”
“Where a wise and good man lives!” replied Confucius! “there will be no want of refinement.”
【白话译文】
有一次，孔子说他想到东方去和野蛮部落一起生活。有人对他说：“你去那里，会感到闭塞不开化的。”
“有聪明而高尚的人在那里居住，”孔子回答，“就不会感到闭塞不开化了。”
9-14
子曰：“吾自卫反鲁，然后乐正，《雅》《颂》各得其所。”
Confucius remarked! “When I finally returned from my travels, to my native State, I completed my work of reforming the State Music and arranging the Songs and Psalms in the Book of Ballads, Songs and Psalms, assigning each piece to its proper place in the book.”
【白话译文】
孔子说：“当我周游列国结束，最后重返自己的祖国时，我完成了国乐的改编，并整理了《风》《雅》《颂》里面的歌曲和诗篇，将每一篇放在书中最适当的地方。”
9-15
子曰：“出则事公卿，入则事父兄，丧事不敢不勉，不为酒困，何有于我哉。”
Confucius remarked! “In public life to do one's duty to the nobles and princes whom one serves under; in private life to do one's duty to the members of one's family; in performing the last offices to the dead, to spare no pains lest anything should be neglected; and in using wine, to be able to resist the temptation of taking it to excess; —which one of these things can I say that I have been able to do?”
【白话译文】
孔子说：“事奉贵族及国君的时候尽职尽责；在家庭生活中对家庭成员尽职尽责；执办丧事时不遗余力，唯恐任何事情有所疏漏；喝酒的时候，能够禁得住诱惑而不过量——对于这些事情，我能说自己做到了哪一件呢？”
9-16
子在川上曰：“逝者如斯夫，不舍昼夜。”
Confucius once standing by a stream, remarked! “How all things in nature are passing away even like this! —ceasing neither day nor night!”
【白话译文】
有一次，孔子站在湍急的河流边说：“自然中的任何事物都像这样匆匆流逝——不分昼夜，永不停息！”
9-17
子曰：“吾未见好德如好色者也。”
Confucius once remarked! “I do not now see a man who can love moral worth in man as he loves beauty in woman.”
【白话译文】
有一次，孔子说：“现在我还没有看到有人像喜好女人的美色那样，去喜好高尚的人身上所体现出来的道德价值。”
9-18
子曰：“譬如为山，未成一篑，止，吾止也。譬如平地，虽覆一篑，进，吾往也。”
Confucius remarked! “Suppose a man wants to raise a mound*and, just as it wants only one basket more of earth to complete the work, suppose he were suddenly to stop; the stopping depends entirely upon himself. Suppose again a man wants to level a road, although he has just thrown over it only one basket of earth; to proceed with the work also depends entirely upon himself.”
（Life lies before us as a huge quarry lies before the architect. He deserves not the name of architect except when out of this fortuitous mass of materials, he can combine with the greatest economy! fitness and durability, some form the pattern of which originated in his own spirit... Believe me, most part of the misery and mischief, of all that is denominated evil in this world, arises from the fact that men are too remiss to get a proper knowledge of their aims, and, when they do get it, to work persistently in attaining them.They seem to me like people who have taken up a notion that they must and will erect a tower, but who yet expend on the foundation not more stones and labour than would be sufficient for a hut.—Goethe, Wilhelm Meister.）
【白话译文】
孔子说：“假如有人想建造一座堤坝*，只差一筐土就可以完成，如果他在这时（因为没有成功）而突然停止，这完全取决于他自己。如果有人想筑平一段路，虽然只是多堆了一筐土（而没有达成目标），但工作的进度也完全取决于他自己。”
（对于我们来说，生活就像一个建筑师面前的巨大采石场。只有那些按照自己的思维模式所形成的某种构架，从一堆杂乱无章的材料中以最经济、最适合、最持久的方式建成所需要的建筑的人，才配得上称为建筑师……相信我，这个世界称之为邪恶的痛苦及伤害的绝大部分，是因为人们太懒散，而没有掌握近在咫尺的正确知识；而一旦意识到这一点，便会持之以恒地获取知识。对我来说，这就像人们决定必须去建一座塔，但是盖塔的地基所用的石头和劳力还不如承载一间茅屋的地基的多。——摘自歌德《威廉·迈斯特》[86]）
9-19
子曰：“语之而不惰者，其回也与！”
Confucius remarked of his disciple, the favourite Yen Hui: “He was the only man who was never tired and inattentive while I talked with him.”
【白话译文】
孔子评价他最喜欢的学生颜回说：“当我和他谈话的时候，他是唯一能聚精会神，并且毫不懈怠的。”
9-20
子谓颜渊曰：“惜乎！吾见其进也，未见其止也。”
Confucius remarked of the same disciple: “Alas! He is dead. I have observed his constant advance; I never saw him stop in his progress.”
【白话译文】
孔子评价同一位学生（颜回）说：“哎，他去世了！我目睹他不断进步，但从来没看到他停下前进的脚步。”
9-21
子曰：“苗而不秀者有矣夫！秀而不实者有矣夫！”
Confucius once, speaking of the careers of his many disciples, remarked: “Some only sprout up, but do not flower; some only flower, but do not ripen into fruit.”
【白话译文】
有一次，孔子谈到他的学生所从事的职业时说：“有的人只是长出了苗，但却不会开花；有的人只是开了花，但却不会成熟到结出果实。”
9-22
子曰：“后生可畏，焉知来者之不如今也？四十、五十而无闻焉，斯亦不足畏也已。”
Confucius remarked! “Youths should be respected. How do we know that their future will not be as good as we are now? Only when a man is forty or fifty without having done anything to distinguish himself, does he then cease to command respect.”
【白话译文】
孔子说：“年轻人应该受到尊重，我们怎么能知道他们有朝一日不会像我们一样优秀呢？如果一个人到四五十岁的时候还默默无闻，那么他再也不会有什么成就能够让人肃然起敬。”
9-23
子曰：“法语之言，能无从乎？改之为贵。巽与之言，能无说乎？绎之为贵。说而不绎，从而不改，吾末如之何也已矣。”
Confucius remarked! “If you speak to a man in the strict words of the law, he will probably agree with you; but the important point is that he should so profit by what you say to him as to change his conduct.If you speak to a man in parables, he will probably be pleased with your story; but the important point is that he should apply the moral to himself.Now when I find a man who agrees with me in what I say, without being able so to profit by it as to change his conduct, or one who is pleased with my parable without being able to apply the moral to himself! —I can do nothing for such a man.”
【白话译文】
孔子说：“假如用法律一样严谨的语言和一个人说话，他可能会赞同你，但重点是通过和你交谈，他能否从中受益并改变自己的行为。假如用寓言的方式和人说话，对方可能很愿意听你讲故事，但重点是对方是否能将其中的道德寓意用在自己身上。如果我发现有人对我说的话随声附和，却不能从我的话受益并改变自身的行为，或者很高兴听我讲寓言，却不能将其中的道德寓意用在自己身上——对这样的人，我真是拿他没办法！”
9-24
子曰：“主忠信。毋友不如己者。过则勿惮改。”
Confucius remarked! “Make conscientiousness and sincerity your first principles. Have no friends who are not as yourself.When you have bad habits do not hesitate to change them.”*
（Repetition of chapter I, section 8.）
【白话译文】
孔子说：“要将尽职尽责和诚挚待人作为自己的首要原则。不和品行不如自己的人交朋友。一旦发现自己有坏习惯，应毫不犹豫地改正。”*
（与第一章第八节重复。）
9-25
子曰：“三军可夺帅也，匹夫不可夺志也。”
Confucius remarked! “The general of an army may be carried off, but a man of the common people cannot be robbed of his free will.”
【白话译文】
孔子说：“一支部队可以夺去它的主帅，但一个普通人的志向是不能强迫改变的。”
9-26
子曰：“衣敝缊袍，与衣狐貉者立，而不耻者，其由也与？‘不忮不求，何用不臧？’”子路终身诵之。子曰：“是道也，何足以臧？”
Confucius remarked of his disciple, the intrepid Chung Yu! "Dressed in an old shabby suit of russet cloth and standing among a crowd dressed in costly furs without being ashamed! —that is Yu! （the disciples familiar name）：—
'Without envy, without greed!
What he does is good indeed.'"
Afterwards, when the intrepid Chung Yu kept repeating those two lines of poetry, Confucius remarked! “That alone is not good indeed.”
【白话译文】
孔子评价他的学生、勇猛的仲由说：“穿着破旧的老式粗布衣服，站在一堆穿着华丽衣服的人中间而不感到羞耻——这就是由（对这个学生大家所熟知的称呼）。‘不嫉妒，不贪婪；所作所为，品行良端。’”随后，当勇猛的仲由反复吟诵这两行诗的时候，孔子说：“只是做到这样，还不能说足够好。”
9-27
子曰：“岁寒，然后知松柏之后凋也。”
Confucius remarked! “When the cold of winter comes, it is then you know that the pine tree and the cypress are the last to lose their green.”*
（Scilicet ut fulvum spectator in ignibus aurum. Tempore sie duro est adspicienda fides.
—Ovid）
【白话译文】
孔子说：“到了寒冷的季节，才知道松柏是最后失去绿意的。”*
（时间会对所有的意志品质进行考验，只有真金不怕火炼。——古罗马诗人奥维德）
9-28
子曰：“知者不惑，仁者不忧，勇者不惧。”
Confucius remarked! “Men of intelligence are free from doubts, moral men from anxiety, and men of courage from fear.”
【白话译文】
孔子说：“聪明的人不会疑神疑鬼，道德高尚的人不会忧愁不安，勇敢的人不会担惊受怕。”
9-29
子曰：“可与共学，未可与适道。可与适道，未可与立。可与立，未可与权。”
Confucius remarked! “Some men there are with whom you can share your knowledge of facts, but who cannot follow you in arriving at principles. Some can follow you to particular principles, but they cannot arrive with you at general principles.Some can arrive with you at general principles but they cannot apply the general principles under exceptional circumstances.”
【白话译文】
孔子说：“有些人，你可以和他们分享你所了解的知识，但是他们不能像你一样理解其中的道理。有些人可以跟着你一起理解特定的道理，但是他们不能像你一样理解基本的原则。有些人可以跟着你理解基本原则，但是他们不能随机应变，将基本原则运用到特定的环境中。”
9-30
“唐棣之华，偏其反而。岂不尔思，室是远而。”子曰：“未之思也，夫何远之有？”
How they are waving, waving!
The blossoming myrtles gay;
Do I not think of you, love?
Your home is far away.
Confucius, repeating those lines, remarked! “That is because men do not think. Why is it far away?”*
（Ein sanfter Wind wom blauen Himmel weht.
Die Myrte still und hoch der Lorbeer sticht!
Kennst du es wohl? Dahin! Dahin!
Möcht'ich mit dir, O mein Geliebter, iehn.—Goethe.
But the ideal—our America, as the young man in Wilhelm Meister says! —is here in the present, actual, and not far away.）
【白话译文】
“唐棣花儿争奇斗艳，
婀娜多姿摇摇摆摆；
难道我不想你吗，我的爱人！
你的家实在太遥远！”
在反复吟诵这首诗的时候，孔子说：“那是因为男人并没有真的想念她，不然还会觉得遥远吗？”*
（你知道吗，在那柠檬花开的地方，
茂密的绿叶中，橙子金黄，
蓝天上送来宜人的和风，
桃金娘静立，月桂梢头高展，
你可知道那地方？
前往，前往，
我愿跟随你，爱人啊，随你前往！
——歌德《迷娘曲》
但是对于我们美国的理想来说，正如歌德作品中的年轻人所说——实际上近在咫尺，并非那么遥远。）