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（刘怡君[59]译，史云桐校）
[1]苏珊·巴克，曾在佛罗伦萨（EUI，Florence）和瑞典（h.c.Umea，Sweden）获得博士学位，卡迪夫大学地方可持续发展研究所的荣休教授和联合主任。她被瑞典国王卡尔六世古斯塔夫认命为皇家环境科学教授，是第一位持有这个职位的女性。她是瑞典皇家农业和林业科学院的成员和皇家艺术协会的会员。她的研究专注于促进未来可持续的复杂的社会和生态的治理进程。她被任命为联合国多学科小组（Multidisciplinary Expert Panel of the UN IPBES）的专家，并担任联合国、欧盟委员会、瑞典政府环境保护署和威尔士政府的科学顾问。她有超过160篇的学术作品，她的作品已被翻译成好几种语言，在众多的国际科学会议递交论文。
[2]See Boden，T.A.，Marland，G.，and Andres，R.J.（2015）.NationalCO2 Emissions from Fossil-Fuel Burning，Cement Manufacture，and Gas Flaring：1751-2011，Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center，Oak Ridge National Laboratory，US Department of Energy，doi 10.3334/CDIAC/00001_V2015；CEC，Report from the Commission to the European Parliament and the Council：Progress Towards Achieving the Kyoto and EU 2020 Objectives，Brussels，28.10.2014，COM（2014） 689 final available at ec.europa.eu/transparency/regdoc/rep/1/2014/EN/1-2014-689-ENF1-1.pdf.2014；Annex to the Report from the Commission to the European Parliament and the Council：Progress Towards Achieving the Kyoto and EU 2020 Objectives，available at ec.europa.eu/transparency/regdoc/rep/1/2014/EN/1-2014-689-EN-F1-1-ANNEX-1.pdf.2014；Eurostat，Waste Statistics，available at ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statisticsexplained/index.php/Waste_statistics#Further_Eurostat_information；European Environment Agency，Waste Generation，30 November 2017，available online at：https：//www.eea.europa.eu/airs/2017/resource-efficiency-and-low-carboneconomy/waste-generation.
[3]各成员国必须达到欧盟指令设定的目标，各国政府必须使其法律适合这些目标，但可以选择具体的做法。各项指令都为成员国设定了具体期限，以便各国情有回旋的余地（参见：ec.europa.eu/eu_law/directives/directives_en.htm）。
[4]Implementing the EU Water Framework Directive ＆ the Floods Directive，9 January，available online at：http：//ec.europa.eu/environment/water/waterframework/objectives/implementation_en.htm.
[5]EU Emissions Trading System Reform：Council approves new rules for the period 2021 to 2030，Press Release，27 February，available online at：http：//www.consilium.europa.eu/en/press/press-releases/2018/02/27/eu-emissions-trading-systemre-Council-approved-new rules-for-the-period-2021-2030/.
[6]Directive of the European Parliament and of the Council amending Directive 2003/87/EC to enhance cost-effective emission reductions and low-carbon investments and Decision（EU）2015/1814，Brussels，2015/0148（COD）/ PE-CONS 63/17.
[7]Directive of the European Parliament and of the Council amending Directive 2008/98/EC on waste，Brussels，2015/0275（COD）PE-CONS 11/18.
[8]Available online at：http：//www4.unfccc.int/Submissions/INDC/Published%20 Do-cuments/Latvia/1/LV-03-06-EU%20INDC.pdf.
[9]Off target：Ranking of EU countries' ambition and progress in fighting climate change，Brussels，available online at：http：//www.caneurope.org/docman/climate-energy-targets/3357 Off-target-rank-of-EU-countries-ambition and progress-in-fighting-climate-change/file.
[10]‘Policy outlook for the environment 2018：could momentum return？’，available online at：https：//ieep.eu/news/policyoutlook-for-the environment-2018 could-momentum-return.
[11]See also European Commission and European Environment Agency，2017，EU Adaptation Policy，European Climate Adaptation Platform（CLIMATE-ADAPT），available online at：http：//cli mate-adapt.eea.europa.eu/eu-adaptation-policy/landing.
[12]Available online at：https：//ec.europa.eu/info/food-farm-fisheries/key-policies/commonagriculturalpolicy/future-cap_en.
[13]What is the fate of environmental ambition in the proposed EU agricultural policy？，available online at：https：//ieep.eu/news/what-is-the-fate-of-environmental-ambition-in-the-proposed-eu-agricultural-policy.
[14]Peter Teffer，‘Commission bets on states to make farm policy ‘green’’，European Observer，1 June，available online at：https：//euobserver.com/environment/141972.
[15]‘We can't see a future' group takes EU to court over climate change’，available online at：https：//www.theguardian.com/environment/2018/may/24/families-take-eu-court-climate-change-emissions.
[16]‘Commission proposes to increase funding to support the environment and climate’，IP/18/4002，available on line at：http：//ec.europa.eu/environment/life/news/press/index.htm#pr2018.
[17]The New EU Budget：Commission's Regional Development proposals and key issues for the environment，available online at：https：//ieep.eu/news/the-new-eu-budget-commission-s-regional-development-proposals-and-key-issues-for-the-environment.
[18]‘Commission budget proposals for 2021-2027：An IEEP guide to the environmental issues’，available online at：https：//ieep.eu/news/commis sion-budget-proposals-for-2021-2027-an-ieep-guide-to-the-environmentalissues.
[19]See ec.europa.eu/environment/newprg.
[20]See www.eeb.org/index.cfm/news-events/news/eeb-welcomes-respect-for-planatoryli-mits-in-7th-eap-proposal-but-misses-concrete-targets.
[21]Available online at：http：//ec.europa.eu/environment/legal/law/pdf/com_2008_773_en.pdf；and COM（2012）95，final，available online at：http：//eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/？uri=CELEX：52012DC0095.
[22]BirdLife Europe，WWF，European Environmental Bureau（EEB）and Friends of the Earth Europe，2018，The State of Implementation of the Birds and Habitats Directives in the EU An analysis by national environmental NGOs in 18 Member States，available online at：https：//www.birdlife.org/sites/default/files/attachments/nature_scorecards_report_mar ch2018.pdf；see also CEC，2016，Mapping and Assessment of Ecosystems and their Services，Mapping and assessing the condition of Europe's ecosystems：Progress and challenges，3rd Report，Final，available online at：http：//ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/knowledge/ecosystem_assessment/pdf/3rdMA ESReport_Condition.pdf.
[23]Brussels COM（2017）198 final，198 final，available online at：http：//ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/legislation/fitness_check/action_plan/index_en.
[24]‘Policy outlook for the environment 2018：could momentum return？’，available online at：https：//ieep.eu/news/policy-outlook-for-the-environment-2018-could-mom-entum-return.
[25]7th Environment Action Programme Mid-term review：European Implementation Assessment （European Parliament，PE 610.998，available online at：http：//www.europarl.europa.eu/RegData/etudes/STUD/2017/610998/EPRS_STU（2017）610998_EN.pdf.
[26]See also CEC，2016，Delivering the benefits of EU environmental policies through a regular Environmental Implementation Review，Brussels，27.5.2016 COM（2016）316 final.
[27]CEC，2017，The EU Environmental Implementation Review：Common challenges and how to combine efforts to deliver better results，CEC，Brussels，[SWD（2017）33-60 final]，available online at：http：//ec.europa.eu/environment/eir/pdf/full_report_en.pdf；see also，CEC，2017，The EU Environmental Implementation Review：Common Challenges And How To Combine Efforts To Deliver Better Results Annex：Guidance To Member States：Suggested Actions On Better Environmental Implementation 28 Country Reports，available online at：http：//ec.europa.eu/environment/eir/index_en.htm http：//ec.europa.eu/environment/eir/index_en.htm.
[28]Brussels，2017，The EU Environmental Implementation Review：Common challenges and how to combine efforts to deliver better results，COM（2017）63 final[SWD（2017）33-60 final].
[29]‘Peer Learning for environmental authorities’，available online at：http：//ec.europa.eu/environment/eir/p2p/index_en.htm.
[30]CEC，2016，Delivering the benefits of EU environmental policies through a regular Environmental Implementation Review，Brussels，2016，COM（2016）316 final.
[31]See ec.europa.eu/environment/newprg/index.htm.
[32]The EU in 2017：General Report on the Activities of the European，Luxembourg：Publications Office of the European Union，2018，C（2018）1280.
[33]Jean-Claude Juncker，Political Guidelines，15 July 2014，quoted in EU，2018，The EU in 2017：General Report on the Activities of the European Luxembourg：Publications Office of the European Union，CEC，Brussels，C（2018）1280.
[34]Next steps for a sustainable European future：European action for sustainability，COM（2016）739 final，available online at：https：//ec.europa.eu/europeaid/sites/devco/files/communication-next-steps-sustainable-europe-2016 1122_en.pdf.
[35]SDG Watch，‘Not fit for purpose-SDG monitoring report fails to illustrate how far the EU is from a sustainable future’，available online at：https：//www.eesc.europa.eu/en/agenda/our-events/events/measuring-eu-progress-meeting-sustainable-development-goals/presentations.
[36]The New Consensus on Development，Our World，Our Dignity，Our Future，available online at：https：//ec.europa.eu/europeaid/sites/devco/files/european-consensus-on-development-final-20170626_en.pdf.
[37]EU's global biodiversity policy：increasing effectiveness for conservation and sustainability，available online at：https：//ieep.eu/news/eu-s-global-biodiversity-policy-increasing-effectiveness-for-conservation-and-sustainability.
[38]Available online at：http：//ec.europa.eu/budget/img/budget4results/SustainableDevelopmentInTheEU.pdf.
[39]See also CEC，2016，Key European action supporting the 2030 Agenda and the Sustainable Development Goals，CEC，Brussels，SWD（2016）390 final.
[40]See www.ieep.eu/assets/443/sdi_review.pdf.
[41]See ec.europa.eu/europe2020/europe-2020-in-a-nutshell.
[42]See ec.europa.eu/resource-efficient-europe.
[43]Implementation of the Circular Economy Action Plan：2018 Circular Economy Package，23/07/2018，available online at：http：//ec.europa.eu/environment/circular-economy/index_en.htm.
[44]Bioeconomy Development in EU Regions：Mapping of EU Member States ‘regions’ Research and Innovation Plans ＆ Strategies for Smart Specialisation（RIS3）on Bioeconomy，available online at：https：//ec.europa.eu/research/bioeconomy/pdf/publications/bioeconomy_development_in_eu_regions.pdf.
[45]COM（2012）60 final，available online at：https：//publications.europa.eu/en/publication-detail/-/publication/1f0d8515-8dc0-4435-ba53-9570e47dbd51.
[46]Commission Staff Working Document on the review of the 2012 European Bioeconomy Strategy SWD（2017）374.
[47]Review of the 2012 European Bioeconomy Strategy，Luxemburg，Publications Office of the European Union，available online at：https：//ec.europa.eu/research/bioeconomy/pdf/review_of_2012_eu_bes.pdf.
[48]See CEC，2017，Study on the establishment of a framework for processing and analysing of maritime economic data in Europe，available online at：https：//publications.europa.eu/en/publication-detail/-/publication/9c132514-982d-11e7-b92d-01aa75ed71a1.
[49]COM/2018/028 final，available online at：https：//eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/？qid=1516265440535＆uri=COM：2018：28：FIN.
[50]‘3 key conclusions from EU Plastics Strategy and new initiatives for the circular economy’，available online at：https：//ieep.eu/news/3-key-conclusions-from-eu-plastics-strategy-and-new-initiatives-for-the-circular-economy.
[51]Proposal for a Directive of the European Parliament and of the Council on the reduction of the impact of certain plastic products on the environment，Brussels，COM（2018）340 final，2018/0172.
[52]‘Member States to benefit from over 
222 million investments for environment，nature and climate action’，Brussels，Press Release，28 September，available online at：http：//europa.eu/rapid/press-release_IP-17-3429_en.htm.
[53]Annual Economic Report on the EU Blue Economy，available online at：PDF/Volume_01 KL-AR-18-001-EN-N 978-92-79-81757-1 2599-658410.2771/305342，p.71.
[54]UK Environmental Audit Committee，2017，Future of Chemicals Regulation after the EU Referendum，HC 912，2016-17，para 5.
[55]House of Commons，Briefing Paper，2018，Brexit and the Environment，Sara Priestley and Louse Smith，Number CBP8132，January.
[56]The Guardian，‘Brexit could wreck green agenda’，says UN，19 May，available online at：https：//www.theguardian.com/environment/2018/may/19/un-warns-britain-over-green-brexit.
[57]White Paper on the Future of Europe Reflections and Scenarios for the EU27 by 2025，COM（2017）2025，available online at：https：//ec.europa.eu/commission/sites/beta-political/files/white_paper_on_the_future_of_europe_en.pdf；see also CEEP for a detailed analysis，https：//www.ceep.eu/opinion-on-the-european-commission-white-paper-on-the-future-of-europe/？cn-reloaded=1.
[58]Jean-Claude Juncker's white paper on the future of Europe：five scenarios not to make a choice，available online at：https：//europeangreens.eu/news/jean-claude-juncker%E2%80%99s-white-paper-future-europe-five-scenarios-not-make-choice.
[59]刘怡君，河海大学博士研究生，研究方向为环境社会学。