Evolution from dumb to intelligent machines

The machines and mechanisms that store and process these huge amounts of data have evolved greatly over a period of time. Let us briefly look at the evolution of machines (for simplicity's sake, computers). For a major portion of their evolution, computers were dumb machines instead of intelligent machines. The basic building blocks of a computer are the CPU (Central Processing Unit), the RAM (temporary memory), and the disk (persistent storage). One of the core components of a CPU is an ALU (Arithmetic and Logic Unit). This is the component that is capable of performing the basic steps of mathematical calculations along with logical operations. With these basic capabilities in place, traditional computers evolved with greater and higher processing power. However, they were still dumb machines without any inherent intelligence. These computers were extremely good at following predefined instructions by using brute force and throwing errors or exceptions for scenarios that were not predefined. These computer programs could only answer specific questions they were meant to solve.

Although these machines could process lots of data and perform computationally heavy jobs, they would be always limited to what they were programmed to do. This is extremely limiting if we take the example of a self driving car. With a computer program working on predefined instructions, it would be nearly impossible to program the car to handle all situations, and the programming would take forever if we wanted to drive the car on ALL roads and in all situations.

This limitation of traditional computers to respond to unknown or non-programmed situations leads to the question: Can a machine be developed to think and evolve as humans do? Remember, when we learn to drive a car, we just drive it in a small amount of situations and on certain roads. Our brain is very quick to learn to react to new situations and trigger various actions (apply breaks, turn, accelerate, and so on). This curiosity resulted in the evolution of traditional computers into artificially intelligent machines.

Traditionally, AI systems have evolved based on the goal of creating expert systems that demonstrate intelligent behavior and learn with every interaction and outcome, similar to the human brain. 

In the year 1956, the term artificial intelligence was coined. Although there were gradual steps and milestones on the way, the last decade of the 20th century marked remarkable advancements in AI techniques. In 1990, there were significant demonstrations of machine learning algorithms supported by case-based reasoning and natural language understanding and translations. Machine intelligence reached a major milestone when then World Chess Champion, Gary Kasparov, was beaten by Deep Blue in 1997. Ever since that remarkable feat, AI systems have greatly evolved to the extent that some experts have predicted that AI will beat humans at everything eventually. In this book, we are going to look at the specifics of building intelligent systems and also understand the core techniques and available technologies. Together, we are going to be part of one of the greatest revolutions in human history.