英文疑难详解续篇
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Ⅰ 名词

1.company的含义及用法

“If you can neither receive nor bestow benefit, you had better leave that company at once.”一句译成“如果你既不能得到好处,也不能给与好处,你最好马上离开那家公司”。不知对否?又,请将company的含义及用法举例说明。

【解答】 问题中的英文句子应译作“如果你交的朋友对你无益,你也不能对他有所帮助,你就得马上离开他”。因为句中的company一字,意为交友而误为公司,所以因一字之差而全文皆错。

英文的company有下列九种用法:

(1)一群人(a group of people),例如:


A great company came to the exhibition.(许多人来看展览会。)


(2)为某种目的而集合的人(a number of people combined, esp. one with a common purpose),例如:


The company are now enjoying a feast.(会众正在宴会中。)


(3)同伴,陪伴(companionship),例如:


He kept me company.(他陪伴了我。)


(4)交友(companions),例如:


A man is known by the company he keeps.(看他所交的朋友,就可知道一个人的好坏。近朱者赤,近墨者黑。)

His father asked him to avoid bad company.(他父亲要他别交损友。)


(5)宾客,来宾(a number of invited guests),例如:


We are expecting company next week.(下星期我们要请客。)

We have company today.(我们今日请客。)


(6)公司,行号(a business organization),例如:


We organized a publishing company.(我们组织一家出版公司。)


(7)(陆军中的)连(the part of an army commanded by a captain),例如:


This company commanded the passage to the fortress.(这连军队控制住通往要塞的路。)


(8)全体船员(a ship's crew),例如:


The ship's company assembled on deck for inspection.(全体船员在甲板上集合,以备检阅。)


(9)戏班(a party of actors playing together),例如:


The play was staged by a theatrical company.(那出戏由一个戏班子演出。)


中国请帖上说的“敬备菲酌,恭候光临”,英译时也用得着company一字,即— request the pleasure of your company at dinner,或request the honour of —'s company at dinner,或简单地说— request the company of — at dinner。

Company在用作“宾客”解时,前面不加冠词,不问来客有多少人,也不能用复数的companies,只能说:


We have company at dinner.(请客吃饭。)

He always has company on Saturday evenings.(他礼拜六晚上总要请客。)


作“公司”解的company的用法,也有需要注意的地方。把company看作单数或复数都可以,如:


The cinema company is(或are)holding its(或their)annual meeting.(电影公司正在召开年会。)


在company(普通略作Co.)的前面,&的有无随便,如Smith和另外的一些人合资经营一种商业,普通叫作Smith & Co.,但也可以叫作The Smith Company。凡有&的,前面不可加the(不可说The Smith & Co.)。如没有&,则前面用the或不用the皆可。没有姓的公司名,决不可以用&,即不可以说The Cinema & Co,只能说The Cinema Company。至于The Smith & Jones Company是可以的,因为&并不在company字前,而是用来联结两个人名的。

单独一个公司不可说成复数,但几个公司则是要用复数的,如:the“Big Three” vehicle producing companies(三大汽车制造公司), affiliated companies(有密切联系的诸公司)。

现再就作“友伴”解的company举例说明一下。首先使我想到的是培根(F. Bacon)在《谈友谊》(On Friendship)一文中说:


A crowd is not company, and faces are but a gallery of pictures . . . when there is no love.(群众并不是友伴,要是没有爱的话……那些人的面孔不过是画廊中所见到的肖像画罢了。)


从前的政治家和现在民主时代的不同,他们那时还不知要捉住群众的心,而加以利用呢。现代的政治家决不会说群众不是友伴的话的。

王尔德(Oscar Wilde)说:


In married life three is company and two none.(在婚姻生活中,没有孩子是寂寞的。)


王尔德说的这句话是从一句英文Proverb套出来的逆说。那谚语说:


Two is company, but three is none.(两个和尚抬水吃,三个和尚没水吃。)


最后请看R. Lynd在The Shy Father一文中说的:


It is not that I dislike the company of women and children; on the whole, I think it the best company in the world. But, as Bacon has said, a crowd is not company, and the loneliness of a man entirely surrounded by women and children surpasses even the loneliness of a man isolated in the middle of the Sahara.(并不是我不喜欢有女人和孩子作伴;大概说起来,我想这是世间最好的友伴。不过培根却说群众并不是友伴,由女人和孩子完全包围着的男人的孤寂,比独自一人在撒哈拉沙漠当中的男人的孤寂尤有过之。)