3．北欧家具的主要特征 The Main Characteristics of Nordic Furniture

（1）简约化与自然化 Minimal and Naturalized

北欧传统文化之中处处透露着的简洁之美，折射出质朴、真挚、谦逊的人生观以及务实、理性的民族性格。北欧四国的家具造型是符合现代设计的主流风格—— 简约主义，摒弃繁琐、崇尚简约、重视功能。

Traditional culture of Nordic always reveals the beauty of simplicity, which reflects the simple, sincere, modest life view and pragmatic and rational national character. Nordic furniture design is in line with the modern design of the mainstream style. They are simple and uncomplicated. They advocate concise impression and pay attention to function.

北欧设计是关于自然的美学，源于自然的设计。北欧地区的人们钟爱天然材料，除了偏爱木材以外，皮革、藤、棉布织物等天然材料都被作为设计主材。20世纪50年代以来，随着技术与工艺的进步，北欧也与时俱进，使用镀铬钢管、ABS、玻璃纤维等新人工材料制成经典家具，但整体来说采用天然材料是北欧家具最富有人情味的特征。

Nordic design is about the aesthetics of nature, and it is originated from natural design. Scandinavian people love natural materials. Besides the favored wood, leather, rattan, cotton fabric matter and other natural materials are also used as the main material in designing. Since 1950s, along with the progress of technology and craftwork, Scandinavia also followed the times. They adopt chrome plated steel pipe, ABS, glass fiber and other new artificial materials to make classical furniture, but the natural materials are the most humane features of Nordic furniture.

（2）功能与情感结合 Combination of Function and Emotion

纯粹的功能主义是以科技、机械为主导的，忽略传统与文脉、淡薄人情味，工业化的冷漠感给人带来不安，北欧设计提倡关怀人、尊重人、以人为本的设计理念。人情化建筑理论倡导者，芬兰设计师阿尔瓦·阿尔托和机械主义建筑大师勒·柯布西耶的观点相反，他认为自然不是机器，也不应该为建筑的模式服务。同时他还强调：“建筑不应该脱离自然和人类本身，而是应该遵从于人类的发展，这样会使自然与人类更加接近。”

The pure functionalism is mainly based on technologies and mechanics. It ignores the traditions, context, and human nature. The coldness of industrialization brings people anxiety. Scandinavian design advocates loving and respecting human nature, and they stick to the design concept that based on people's needs. The advocator of human nature, Alvar Aalto's architectural theory is in contrast with master architects Le Corbusier's machinery theory. He didn't regard that natural is machine, and should not provided as the service of architectural style. At the same time, he emphasized that architectural should not isolated from nature and human, but following the development of humanity, as it will make people feel closer to nature.

（3）传统与现代相融合 Fusion of Tradition and Modenity

北欧家具的现代化融合了各自的民族特点和传统风格，而不是割裂现代和传统的关系，因而更容易被北欧接受，具有本民族传统特点和借鉴其他国家传统的北欧现代化家具风靡世界。斯堪的纳维亚地区从20世纪20年代就开始探索适合自己的现代主义方式，他们既强调现代主义功能至上的原则，同时也强调图案的装饰性，以及传统与自然形态的重要性。丹麦现代设计派鼻祖凯尔·克林特在注重功能前提下，吸收世界各地不同文明的家具设计中的优点，根据特定生存环境，采用传统自然材料制作家具，他的设计理念和方法为北欧设计指明了方向。

Nordic furniture incorporate the traditional and ethic characteristics, instead of cutting the relations of modern and traditions, thus became more easily accepted. The national and traditional characteristic and the reference of other countries' tradition in Scandinavia modern furniture make them swept the world. From 1920s Scandinavia had began to explore a way of modernism that suits them. They stressed on the principle of functionalism but at the same time, also pay attention to the decorative elements of the patterns and the significance of traditions and natural shape. Based on the precondition of stressing on the functionalism, the founder of Danish modernism design Kaare Klint absorbed various characteristics in other civilized countries' furniture. Based on certain living environment, and adopt traditional natural materials to make furniture. His designer concept and approach had showed a direction for Nordic design.

（4）经济性与生态性 Economic and E-cological

北欧一方面受限于自然资源和能源的匮乏，另一方面受到单纯、朴素的民风的影响，形成了设计上的考究和对资源节约保护的特色。该地区最为丰富的是林业资源，所以设计上普遍采用木材。斯堪的纳维亚四国非常重视生态环境保护工作，这在欧洲也是比较突出的，1994年颁布了第一个家具生态标准——《木质家具和家具设置的生态标准》，此标准拒绝奢华风的设计，提倡实用经济，设计师们运用创造性设计体现可持续发展的理念，利用设计重新去审视自然界与人类的共生方式，从而营造更美好的生活环境。这一思想理念与设计界20世纪90年代兴起的“绿色设计”相一致。

Nordic is restricted from short of natural and energy supplies. On the other aspect, they are also influenced by the innocent and simple custom, thus formed the characteristic of conservation in design and energy saving.The region is rich in forest resources, so people generally adopt wood in the design. Four countries in Scandinavia attached great importance to ecological and environmental protection. It is quite outstanding in Europe. In 1994, they promulgated the first ecological standards, the ecological standard of wooden furniture and furniture set up. It rejects luxurious design, and advocates practical and economic design. Designers use creative designs to embody the concept of sustainable development, and apply the design to examine the symbiosis of nature and human, so as to create a more wonderful living environment. This concept coordinates with the “Green Design” which appeared in 1990s.