第2章 北欧风格设计的元素和运用 Chapter 2 THE APPLICATION OF NORDIC DESIGN ELEMENTS

一、家具 Furnitures

1．北欧家具的历史与发展 The History and Development of Nordic Furniture

北欧各国早期的家具设计较多受到德国的影响，但北欧自身拥有较深的传统工艺根基，在民间一直存在纯朴、实用的思想观念，成为北欧现代家具的根基。下面分别介绍丹麦、瑞典、芬兰和挪威北欧四国现代家具发展的情况。

The design of Nordic furniture was influenced more by Germany, but Scandinavia owns deep traditional craftwork background itself. There are always practical and natural ideas exist in Scandinavia, thus, they have become the bases of Scandinavian furniture. The development of the four countries in Scandinavia, including Denmark, Sweden, Finland and Norway, will be illustrated in the following text.

（1）丹麦 Denmark

早在四百多年前，丹麦就有了同行业的组织“基尔特”。这些组织经常将成员们聚集到一起，相互交流制作技艺，这个良好传统一直保持到现在，这为丹麦家具的传承和发展起到了积极的促进作用。丹麦在1907年成立了工艺设计协会，它对手工艺技术的提高、产品实用化的促进做出了较大的贡献。但真正深入研究并奠定了丹麦家具设计基础的是设计大师凯尔·克林特，大部分丹麦家具在克林特之前是照搬欧洲家具的样式，这无论从实用还是从民族传统艺术传承的角度来看都是不可取的。作为一个建筑师的克林特，通过把实用技术和艺术相结合，将桌子和椅子的高度以及抽屉尺寸标准化，提倡使用自然材料，色彩为单纯的黑色、白色、灰色或棕色，为丹麦家具的形式与内涵翻开了新的一页。随后在克林特的影响下和感召下，涌现出了极具个性、自成一家的设计大师，如：芬·居里和最能代表丹麦风格的汉斯·韦格纳以及阿诺·雅各布森。

In 400 years ago, Denmark had formed many design groups. They were named “Guild”. The groups often gather together to exchange their ideas of design craftwork. The tradition has been remained until today, and it has greatly promoted the inheritance and development of Danish furniture. In 1907, Denmark established an arts and crafts design association. It contributed great enhancement to handcraft and product practicality. However, in real in-depth study, the one who laid the foundation of Danish furniture design is Kaare Klint. Most of the furniture was copying the style of European furniture before Kaare Klint's design. It was not desirable neither from practical nor ethnic aspect. As an Architect, Klint made a combination of practical technology and art, and standardize the height of table, chair and the size of the drawer. He promoted natural materials, and colors of pure black, white, gray or brown. Since then, the content of Danish furniture opened a new page. Under the influence and inspiration of Clint, emerged some unique master designers, such as Finn Juhl, and Hans Wegner, and the most qualified representative of Denmark style, Arhe Jacobsen.

（2）瑞典 Sweden

瑞典家具同丹麦家具一样在世界上有着很高的声誉，瑞典早在1845年就成立了工业设计协会，北欧的产业革命在欧洲是相对落后的，但瑞典的产业革命在北欧起着引领的作用。1910年以后，瑞典开始重视对生活日用品的设计，提出“选择更好的用具，可以改变生活的式样”等口号，以此来强调设计的重要性，号召设计师、艺术家深入到工厂一线，设计出更完美的日用产品。1930年瑞典在斯德哥尔摩举办了一次有关住宅的展览，参展的作品无不兼具实用功能与造型之美，在全世界引起了轰动。这也为北欧的家具设计行业创造了新的机遇，瑞典在全国大力推行家具设计运动，并且取得了显著的成就，在1937年的巴黎展览会和1939年的纽约展览会上都曾获得极高的评价，自此，瑞典家具在国际上占有了一席之地。

第二次世界大战后，一位名叫欧凯尔·布隆的医生发表了一篇《座椅与工作效率》的研究报告，引起了国际上的重视，这项研究成果奠定了人体工程学在家具上研究与运用的基础。与丹麦家具相比较，瑞典的家具以实用性为主，致力于兼具工艺性与市场需求的大众家具的研究与开发。瑞典家具商也曾受到丹麦的一些影响而采用温热带木材如柚木、紫檀等。

Swedish furniture enjoys the same high reputation as that of Denmark. Sweden had founded an industrial design association in 1845. The industrial revolution in Northern Europe is relatively backward in Europe, but the Swedish industrial revolution in Northern Europe plays a leading role. After 1910, Sweden began to attach importance to the design of daily necessities of life. It advocated the slogan of "choose the better equipment, change the style of life." so as to emphasize the importance of design. It called on designers and artists to go deep into the factory to design more perfect daily necessities. In 1930, Sweden held a house exhibition in Stockholm. The works were both practical and beautiful. It caused a sensation in the whole world, and also created new opportunities for the Scandinavian furniture design industry. Sweden had greatly promoted the movement of furniture design and had made remarkable achievements. The Swedish furniture design in the Paris exhibition in 1937 and New York exhibition in1939 had been greatly evaluated. Since then, the Swedish furniture gained an international status in the world.

After the Second World War, a doctor named Okel Blom published a research which report a study of the seat and work efficiency, and it attracted international attention. The research has laid the foundation for the research of application of furniture on the effect of human body. Compared with the furniture of Denmark, Swedish furniture is more practical, and is devoted to the research and development of the technology and market demand. The Swedish furniture business was also affected by Denmark, so they applied wood from warm and tropical zone, such as teak and rosewood.

（3）芬兰 Finland

芬兰起初长期被瑞典占据，后又被沙俄侵占了百年，直到1917年才正式独立。芬兰作为一个年轻的国家，在各方面都显得生机勃勃。早在1875年芬兰就有了自己的工艺设计协会，但真正发扬芬兰的艺术风格，将湖光山色的独特元素融入设计作品之中，却是在1910年前后。在芬兰著名的建筑设计师沙利宁等的领导下，加之北欧人在造型上特有的天赋，芬兰的家具设计行业很快就形成了一定的规模，后来芬兰的著名建筑设计师阿尔瓦·阿尔托为芬兰家具带来了无限生机。芬兰家具的最大特色是在设计上强调个性，同时又利用国内现有材料进行大量生产。

In the beginning, Finland had been occupied by Sweden for a long time, and then invaded by Tsarist Russia. Until 1917, it was formally independent. As a new country, Finland is full of vitality. As early as 1875, Finland had its own art crafts design association, but not until around 1910 had the real development of Finland art style which integrates unique elements of landscape of lakes and mountains into the design works. In Finland's famous architectural designer Saarinen Eero and other leaders, coupled with the Nordic people in the form of a unique talent, Finland's furniture design industry will soon form a certain scale, and later Finland's famous architectural designer Alvar Aalto brought Finland with the unlimited vitality of furniture. The biggest feature of Finland's furniture is to emphasis on personality, while usingof domestic materials to make mass production.

（4）挪威 Norway

挪威的家具朴素而充满乡村气息，这与挪威的风土人情十分吻合。挪威的设计协会成立于1938年，因为创立的时间最晚，所以挪威人可以借鉴北欧其他国家的经验。他们借鉴丹麦、瑞典等国家在家具设计中的优秀成果，融合自己的风俗与民情并加以发展创新，形成了挪威自己的独特风格。挪威的家具设计，无论在胶合板材还是金属等材料上都能匠心独运，创造出风格独特的产品。现在挪威家具的设计大致可分两类，一类是以出口为目的，在技术与材料上都极具特色。另一类是自然、朴素具有本土气息的供国内日常家庭使用的家具。在挪威有许多著名的家具设计师，如以独特优雅家具而著称的托尔比昂·阿伏达；以浓郁的挪威民族风格为特色的比昂·伊安克等。

Norwegian furniture is simple and full of local flavor.It is consistent with the local customs and practices. Norway's Design Institute was established in 1938. Since the establishment is the latest in Scandinavia, the Norwegian could learn from the experience of other countries. They borrowed the great achievements from Danish and Swedish furniture, and incorporated with their local feature for an innovation. They formed their unique characteristic. The furniture designs in Norway are excellent and creative no matter in the plywood or metal materials. It has created special productions. Now Norway furniture design can be divided into two categories, one is for the purpose of exportation. It is highly characterized in the technology and materials. Another one is natural and simple domestic family furniture with the local flavor. In Norway there are many famous furniture designers, such as Torbio Avoda is known for his unique elegant furniture, and Bion Yiankewith rich ethnic characteristics.