二、病理学检查
(一)活检方式
1.在对软组织肉瘤治疗前,强烈建议先进行活检,即使临床和影像学都提示非常典型的软组织肉瘤,也需活检确诊[1]。建议在拟行外科治疗的医院、由最终手术医生或其助手进行活检操作[2]。
2.对可疑病灶进行组织学活检,一般来说,没有遵循适当的活检程序可能引致不良的治疗效果[3,4],活检位置选择对以后的保肢手术非常重要,穿刺点必须位于最终手术的切口线部位,以便于最终手术时能够切除穿刺道。
3.推荐进行带芯穿刺活检(core needle biopsy)[5],最常用的是Tru-cut活检针。如果第一次活检因为标本量少并没有获取明确诊断,可以考虑在影像学辅助下进行再次带芯穿刺活检,以获取明确诊断。
4.切开活检(open incisional biopsy)可获得更多的标本,利于诊断,但存在肿瘤污染范围大等风险,对再次手术的要求比带芯穿刺活检高等缺点,另外费用也相对高[6,7]。
5.如病变较小、位于浅层,手术可完整切除病灶且切除后不会造成重大功能障碍,如行穿刺活检会反而会造成相对于原病灶更大的污染,或者病灶紧邻重要血管或神经,可考虑做切除活检。
6.不推荐进行针吸活检(fine-needle aspiration)[8],也不推荐冰冻活检。
7.活检应尽量获得足够肿瘤组织,以便病理科进行常规的病理检查(HE染色切片、免疫组化),还可对新鲜标本进行分子检测。
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