Day 2

Dinosaurs

1. Dinosaurs are a diverse group of animals that first appeared during the Triassic period. Although the exact origin and timing of the evolution of dinosaurs is the subject of active research, the current scientific consensus places their origin between 231 and 243 million years ago. They became the dominant terrestrial vertebrates after the Triassic-Jurassic extinction event 201 million years ago. Their dominance continued through the Jurassic and Cretaceous periods and ended, when the Cretaceous-Paleogene extinction event led to the extinction of most dinosaur groups 66 million years ago.

2. Until the late 20th century, all groups of dinosaurs were believed to be extinct; however, the fossil record indicates that birds are the modern descendants of feathered dinosaurs. They are believed to have evolved from theropod ancestors during the Jurassic period, and are now termed “avian dinosaurs”. As such, birds were the only dinosaur lineage to survive the mass extinction event. Dinosaurs are a varied group of animals from taxonomic, morphological and ecological standpoints. Birds, at over 10,000 living species, are the most diverse group of vertebrates besides perciform fish. Using fossil evidence, paleontologists have identified over 500 distinct genera and more than 1,000 different species of non-avian dinosaurs.

3. ■ Dinosaurs are represented on every continent by both extant species and fossil remains.■ While dinosaurs were ancestrally bipedal, many extinct groups included quadrupedal species, and some were able to shift between these stances.■ Elaborate display structures such as horns or crests are common to all dinosaur groups, and some extinct groups developed skeletal modifications such as bony armor and spines.■ Evidence suggests that egg laying and nest building are additional traits shared by all dinosaurs.

4. While the modern-day surviving lineage of dinosaurs are generally small due to the constraints of flight, many prehistoric dinosaurs were large-bodied—the largest sauropod dinosaurs are estimated to have reached lengths of 39.7 meters and heights of 18 meters and were the largest land animals of all time. Still, the idea that non-avian dinosaurs were uniformly gigantic is a misconception based in part on preservation bias, as large, sturdy bones are more likely to last until they are fossilized. Many dinosaurs were quite small, according to fossils, carbon dating, and other archeological evidence.

5. Although the word dinosaur literally means “terrible lizard”, the name is something of an etymological misnomer; even though dinosaurs are reptiles, they are not lizards, nor are they descended from them. Through the first half of the 20th century, before birds were recognized to be dinosaurs, most of the scientific communities believed dinosaurs to have been sluggish and cold-blooded. Most research based upon fossil records conducted since the 1970s, however, has indicated that all dinosaurs were active animals with elevated metabolisms and numerous adaptations for social interaction.

6. Since the first dinosaur fossils were recognized in the early 19th century, mounted fossil dinosaur skeletons have been major attractions at museums around the world, and dinosaurs have become an enduring part of world culture. The large sizes of some dinosaur groups, as well as their seemingly monstrous and fantastic nature, have ensured dinosaurs' regular appearance in best-selling books and films, such as Jurassic Park. Persistent public enthusiasm for the animals has resulted in significant funding for dinosaur science, and new discoveries are regularly covered by the media.

01. The word subject in the passage is closest in meaning to

（A）tool

（B）theme

（C）device

（D）development

02. The author's description of dinosaurs mentions which of the following in Paragraph 1?

（A）They went extinct between 231 and 243 million years ago.

（B）Scientists haven't reached current consensus yet about the exact origin.

（C）They first appeared during the Cretaceous Paleogene extinction event.

（D）Most dinosaurs disappeared 66 million years ago.

03. Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.

（A）Although all the dinosaurs seemed extinct, the fossil record shows that birds are the modern descendants of dinosaurs with feather.

（B）All the groups of dinosaurs appeared to vanish, but according to the fossil record, primitive birds derive from feathered dinosaurs.

（C）Now that birds are the modern offspring of feathered dinosaurs, based on the fossil record, all dinosaurs were believed to be extinct.

（D）All groups of dinosaurs were in danger of extinction; however, the fossil record states that birds are the modern offspring of dinosaurs with feather.

04. In Paragraph 2, the author mentions avian dinosaurs in order to

（A）note why birds evolved from theropod ancestors.

（B）examine whether its fossil proved to match that of theropod ancestors.

（C）illustrate that birds encountered extinction during the Jurassic period.

（D）show that birds could survive out of the extinction period.

05. The word distinct in the passage is closest in meaning to

（A）modest

（B）lethal

（C）anonymous

（D）clear

06. According to Paragraph 2, the standards of a variety of dinosaurs to classify are mentioned EXCEPT

（A）shape

（B）classification

（C）gene

（D）environment

07. According to Paragraph 3, the common factor which is shared with all the species of dinosaurs is

（A）egg laying.

（B）bipedal ability.

（C）shifting.

（D）skeletal modifications.

08. Which of the following is NOT mentioned about misconceptions of dinosaurs in Paragraph 5?

（A）They were sluggish and cold-blooded.

（B）They share some commons with lizards.

（C）They originated from lizards.

（D）They had active metabolism.

09. The word numerous in the passage is closest in meaning to

（A）various

（B）profound

（C）atypical

（D）adaptable

10. In Paragraph 6, dinosaurs frequently appear in cultural sectors with some reasons EXCEPT

（A）large sizes

（B）imaginary nature

（C）eating habit

（D）increasing skeletons

11. It can be inferred through the passage that

（A）many dinosaurs proved small by scientific methods.

（B）non-avian dinosaurs were, in most cases, large-scaled.

（C）the governmental assistance has resulted in significant funding for dinosaur science.

（D）before the 1970s, all dinosaurs were believed to be active animals.

12. Look at the four squares [■] that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage.

Some are herbivorous, others carnivorous, depending upon its belonging territory.

Where would the sentence best fit? Click on a square [■] to add the sentence to the passage.

13-14. Directions: An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below. Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that express the most important ideas in the passage. Some sentences do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage. This question is worth 2 points.

Fossils as well as evidence gave new findings of dinosaurs.

Plastic

1. Plastic is a material consisting of any of a wide range of synthetic or semisynthetic organic compounds that are malleable and can be molded into solid objects. Plastics are typically organic polymers of high molecular mass, but they often contain other substances. They are usually synthetic, most commonly derived from petrochemicals, but many are partially natural. Plasticity is the general property of all materials that are able to irreversibly deform without breaking, but this occurs to such a degree with this class of moldable polymers that their name is an emphasis on this ability.

2. ■ Due to their relatively low cost, ease of manufacture, versatility, and imperviousness to water, plastics are used in an enormous and expanding range of products, from paper clips to spaceships.■ They have already displaced many traditional materials, such as wood, stone, horn and bone, leather, paper, metal, glass, and ceramic, in most of their former uses.■ Plastics can also be classified by the chemical process used in their synthesis, such as condensation, polyaddition, and cross-linking. ■ Likewise, plastics are spreading over their capacity of application to our real life as well as industrial sectors.

3. In developed countries, about two thirds of plastic is used in packaging and another third in buildings such as piping used in plumbing or vinyl siding. Other uses include automobiles, furniture, and toys. In the developing world, the ratios may be different—for example, reportedly 42% of India's consumption is used in packaging. Plastics in developing countries have many uses in the medical field as well, to include polymer implants; however the field of plastic surgery is not named for use of plastic material, but rather the more generic meaning of the word plasticity about the reshaping of flesh.

4. The world's first fully synthetic plastic was Bakelite, invented in New York in 1907 by Leo Baekeland who coined the term “plastics”. Many chemists contributed to the materials science of plastics, including Nobel laureate Hermann Staudinger who has been called “the father of polymer chemistry” and Herman Mark, known as“the father of polymer physics”. The success and dominance of plastics starting in the early 20th century led to environmental concerns regarding its slow decomposition rate after being discarded as trash due to its composition of very large molecules. Toward the end of the century, one approach to this problem was met with wide efforts toward recycling, thanks to international cooperation.

5. The greatest challenge to the recycling of plastics is the difficulty of automating the sorting of plastic wastes, making it labor-intensive. Typically, workers sort the plastic by looking at the resin identification code, although common containers like soda bottles can be sorted from memory, which seems less efficient. Typically, the caps for PETE bottles are made from a different kind of plastic which is not recyclable, which presents additional problems to the automated sorting process. Other recyclable materials such as metals are easier to process mechanically. However, new processes of mechanical sorting are being developed to increase capacity and efficiency of plastic recycling.

15. The word malleable in the passage is closest in meaning to

（A）congested

（B）ultimate

（C）pliable

（D）scanty

16. The author's description of plastic mentions which of the following in Paragraph 1?

（A）It's composed of purely organic compound.

（B）It is generally an organic polymer.

（C）It can be transformed into liquid objects.

（D）It sometimes holds high molecular mass.

17. Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.

（A）Even if plasticity is applied to all deformable materials, it is so remarkable that its name is highlighted by this ability in polymers.

（B）Plasticity is a general attribute of all the materials deformed without any change, but moldable polymers don't have that ability based on their name.

（C）Even though plasticity shows the general feature of all materials deformable without breaking, moldable polymers are exceptionally not applied to this ability.

（D）Plasticity, the overall feature of all materials to be deformed without breaking is different from polymers whose name is an emphasis on this ability.

18. The word versatility in the passage is closest in meaning to

（A）adaptability

（B）admission

（C）appointment

（D）ascension

19. In Paragraph 2, the author mentions that plastics are used for space exploration with their advantages EXCEPT

（A）cost effectiveness.

（B）easiness in production.

（C）chemical structure.

（D）insensitivity to liquid.

20. According to Paragraph 3, what is a striking difference in plastic uses between developed countries and developing ones?

（A）Developed countries focus more on packaging.

（B）Developing countries have the second largest ratio of packaging.

（C）Developed countries take more advantages of automobiles than developing ones do.

（D）Polymer implants are more popular in developed countries.

21. The author in Paragraph 3 mentions plastic surgery in order to

（A）show its close relations with plastic manufacturing facilities.

（B）illustrate one of the most popular plastic products.

（C）argue plastic surgery is illegally prevailing.

（D）highlight its irrelevance to plastics.

22. Which of the following can be inferred from Paragraph 4 about the first invention of plastics and its success?

（A）It led to successful application to a variety of fields.

（B）It caused side effects like environmental issues.

（C）Recycling became a top priority for the purpose of plastic-related matters.

（D）The polymer industry declined, and the materials science gradually emerged.

23. The word discarded in the passage is closest in meaning to

（A）invented

（B）classified

（C）deserted

（D）waned

24. According to Paragraph 4, what was a solution key to slow decomposition?

（A）International monitoring by financial support.

（B）Consistent research and investment.

（C）Composition of very large molecules.

（D）Recycling.

25. According to Paragraph 5, recycling is difficult with some reasons EXCEPT

（A）less effective.

（B）a great deal of expense.

（C）selective recycling.

（D）labor intensive work.

26. Look at the four squares [■] that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage.

Plastics are usually classified by their chemical structure of the polymer's backbone and side chains.

Where would the sentence best fit? Click on a square [■] to add the sentence to the passage.

27-28. Directions: An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below. Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that express the most important ideas in the passage. Some sentences do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage. This question is worth 2 points.

Plastics have brought advantages and at the same time disadvantages human beings have to overcome.

Peasants

1. A peasant is a member of a traditional class of farmers, either laborers or owners of small farms, especially in the Middle Ages under feudalism, or more generally, in any pre-industrial society. In Europe, peasants were divided into three classes according to their personal status: slave, serf, and free tenant. The word peasant is often used pejoratively to refer to poor or landless farmers and agricultural workers, especially in the poorer countries of the world in which the agricultural labor force makes up a large percentage of the population. The implication of the term is that the peasant is uneducated, ignorant, and unfamiliar with the more sophisticated mannerisms of the urban population.

2. The open field system of agriculture dominated most of northern Europe during medieval times and endured until the nineteenth century in many areas. Under this system, peasants lived on a manor presided over by a lord or a bishop of the church. Peasants paid rent or labor services to the lord in exchange for their right to cultivate the land. Fallowed land, pastures, forests, and wasteland were held in common. ■The open field system required cooperation among the peasants of the manor. It was gradually replaced by individual ownership and management of land.

3. ■ Therefore it inevitably resulted in more land for the survivors and making labor more scarce. ■ In the wake of this disruption to the established order, later centuries saw the invention of the printing press, the development of widespread literacy, and the enormous social and intellectual changes of the Enlightenment. ■ Through a series of wind of social transitions, the overall European economic systems were also in the middle of change.

4. The evolution of ideas in an environment of relatively widespread literacy laid the groundwork for the Industrial Revolution, which enabled mechanically and chemically augmented agricultural production while simultaneously increasing the demand for factory workers in cities who became, what Karl Marx called, the proletariat. The trend toward individual ownership of land emerging, typified in England by Enclosure, displaced many peasants from the land and compelled them, often unwillingly, to become urban factory-workers, who came to occupy the socio-economic stratum, formerly the preserve of the medieval peasants, which means the proletariat were ultimately later century's peasants.

5. In most of Germany, farming was handled by tenant farmers who paid rents and obligatory services to the landlord:typically a nobleman. Peasant leaders supervised the fields and ditches and grazing rights, maintained public order and morals, and supported a village court which handled minor offenses. Inside the community, the pastors made all the decisions, and tried to arrange advantageous marriages for their children. Much of the villages' communal life was centered on church services and holy days. In Prussia, the peasants drew lots to choose conscripts required by the army. The noblemen handled external relationships and politics for the villages under their control, and were not typically involved in daily activities or decisions.

29. The word free in the passage is closest in meaning to

（A）complimentary

（B）complementary

（C）combining

（D）combustible

30. Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.

（A）Landless workers are called peasants especially in the poor countries where most population leads a major labor force.

（B）Agricultural workers primarily refer to the word peasant especially in the poorer countries where a large percentage of people involve agricultural work.

（C）The term peasant is ridiculously referred to the poor including farmers in the poor country whose most population lies in an agricultural sector.

（D）The term peasant is used to call the poor or landless farmers, in the poor countries in which most people are pejoratively exploited to work in agriculture.

31. According to Paragraph 1, what is NOT included for three classes of the peasant?

（A）Servant.

（B）Land borrower.

（C）Slave.

（D）Landlord.

32. The author's description of the open field system mentions which of the following in Paragraph 2?

（A）Peasants actively accepted the open field system of agriculture, and it dominated most of northern Europe during medieval times.

（B）A religious power influenced the peasants' residential lives under the open field system.

（C）Peasants got paid for labor services to the lord.

（D）The open field system didn't apply to some pastures or forests.

33. The word it in the passage refers to

（A）cooperation

（B）land

（C）manor

（D）The open field system

34. The word replaced in the passage is closest in meaning to

（A）substituted

（B）functioned

（C）eliminated

（D）replicated

35. Which of the following can be inferred from Paragraph 3 about the peasants' social status?

（A）They couldn't escape from previous land owners' unfair treatment and suppression.

（B）They could get an educational opportunity to learn.

（C）Due to the Black Death, they wandered across Europe.

（D）They resisted the disruption of the established social order.

36. According to Paragraph 4, Industrialization Revolution brought negative impacts on peasants including

（A）plummeted agricultural production

（B）shift to urban workers.

（C）acquisition of land and business with the Proletariat.

（D）environmental issues such as chemical materials which aggravated the peasants' lives.

37. The word augmented in the passage is closest in meaning to

（A）dominated

（B）increased

（C）collided

（D）evolved

38. According to Paragraph 4, the author discusses the proletariat twice in order to

（A）note that the peasants' lives never improved.

（B）show how the proletariat overcame social inequality.

（C）mention how the proletariat occupied a major position in society.

（D）contrast the proletariat's status with the peasants' one.

39. In Paragraph 5, what is NOT mentioned about peasant leaders' role in Germany?

（A）They controlled public needs and requirements.

（B）They assisted a village court for farming.

（C）They managed the fields.

（D）They were in charge of grazing rights.

40. Look at the four squares [■] that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage.

The relative position of peasants in Western Europe improved greatly when the Black Death reduced the population of medieval Europe in the mid-14th century.

Where would the sentence best fit? Click on a square [■] to add the sentence to the passage.

41-42. Directions: Select the appropriate phrases from the answer choices and match them to the term to which they relate Two of the answer choices will NOT be used. This question is worth 2 points.