（五）非限定动词的误用
1．不定式的误用
（1）不定式作动词宾语的误用
错句1
The terrorists threatened blowing up the plane if their demands were not met.
The terrorists threatened to blow up the plane if their demands were not met.
恐怖分子威胁说如果他们的要求得不到满足，就要炸掉飞机。
解析 在有些动词(如该句中的threaten)之后，只能以不定式作宾语，不能以动名词作宾语，这类动词常见的有：afford, agree, aim, ask, beg, care, choose，claim, dare, decide, demand, desire, determine, expect, fail, fear, help, hope，learn, long, manage, offer, plan, prepare, pretend, promise, refuse, resolve，seek, threaten, volunteer, want, wish等。
类例
They chose not going home until later.
They chose not to go home until later.
他们决定晚些时候才回家。
People there complain that only the rich can afford running for office.
People there complain that only the rich can afford to run for office.
那里的人们抱怨只有富人才能竞选得起官职。
“Aren't you going to ask the teacher why he gave you that grade?” “No, I intend letting the matter rest.”
“Aren't you going to ask the teacher why he gave you that grade?” “No, I intend to let the matter rest.”
“难道你不打算去问老师，为什么他给你评了那个等级？”“不，我想让这件事到此为止。”
“Uncle Dick has already arrived.”“Do you expect going to see him?”
“Uncle Dick has already arrived.”“Do you expect to go to see him?”
“迪克叔叔已经到了。”“你想去看他吗？”
She set out making the dress by herself, but in the end she had to ask for help.
She set out to make the dress by herself, but in the end she had to ask for help.
她一心想自己做这件衣服，但是最后却不得不请别人帮忙。
错句2
If I had remembered closing the window, the thief would not have got in.
If I had remembered to close the window, the thief would not have got in.
如果我没忘了把窗户关上，小偷就不会进来。
解析 在remember等动词后，不定式与动名词都可以作宾语，但含义不同，其基本区别在于：用不定式表示后于谓语动词发生的动作，用动名词表示先于谓语动词发生的动作。这类动词还有forget, regret, go on等。
类例
We regret informing you that the materials you ordered are out of stock.
We regret to inform you that the materials you ordered are out of stock.
我们遗憾地通知你，你所订购的材料没有现货。
Don't forget sending him a Christmas card.
Don't forget to send him a Christmas card.
别忘了给他寄张圣诞卡。
After describing the plan, she went on explaining how much it would cost.
After describing the plan, she went on to explain how much it would cost.
讲完了这个计划之后，她继续说明这要花多少钱。
解析 go on doing的意思是“不停地做同一件事”，go on to do的意思是“接着做另一件事”。
错句3
I tried closing the window.But I couldn't.It was stuck.
I tried to close the window.But I couldn't.It was stuck.
我试图把窗户关上。但我没关上。它被卡住了。
解析 如正确句子所示，try的后面跟不定式时作“试图”解，表示未完成的动作。其后跟动名词时作“试试看”解，表示已完成的动作或具有名词意义的概念性动作，如：“She has tried eating nothing but bananas.(她曾试过只吃香蕉而不吃别的东西。)”
错句4
They stopped listening carefully, but there was no sound.
They stopped to listen carefully, but there was no sound.
他们停下来仔细地听，但是没有声音。
解析 如正确句子所示，stop后面的不定式为目的状语，如果跟动名词，则为宾语。
错句5
I'm sorry; I didn't mean implying that you were dishonest.
I'm sorry; I didn't mean to imply that you were dishonest.
对不起，我没有说你不诚实的意思。
解析 如正确句子所示，mean后面跟不定式时，作“打算，有……的目的”解，后面跟动名词时，作“表明，意味着”解。
类例
I meant buying a morning paper but I didn't see any newsboy around.
I meant to buy a morning paper but I didn't see any newsboy around.
我本来想买一份晨报，可是我没看见附近有卖报的。
错句6
He needs winning this game to stay in the match.
He needs to win this game to stay in the match.
他得赢下这场比赛，以免被淘汰出局。
解析 need或want作谓语时，如果句子的主语是人(如该句)，则后面跟不定式，表示主动意义；如果句子的主语是物，则后面跟动名词，表示被动意义，如：“The pipe needs cleaning(=to be cleaned).(这管子需要清洗。)”
（2）不定式作介词宾语的误用
错句7
Lots of empty bottles were found under the old man's bed.He must have done nothing but to drink.
Lots of empty bottles were found under the old man's bed.He must have done nothing but drink.
在这个老头儿的床底下发现了许多空瓶子。他肯定是除了喝酒什么都没干。
解析 不定式可作介词except和but的宾语。如果句中的except或but之前有实义动词do的限定形式或非限定形式，如正确句子所示，其宾语为不带to的不定式。
类例
He can do everything except to cook.
He can do everything except cook.
除了做饭，他什么都会做。
错句8
He wanted nothing but stay there.
He wanted nothing but to stay there.
他只想待在那儿，别的什么都不想要。
解析 不定式可作介词except和but的宾语。如果句中的except或but之前没有实义动词do的限定形式或非限定形式，不定式须带to。
（3）不定式作定语的误用
错句9
I worked so late in the office last night that I hardly had time catching the last bus.
I worked so late in the office last night that I hardly had time to catch the last bus.
昨天晚上我在办公室工作到很晚，几乎没时间赶末班车。
解析 如正确句子所示，抽象名词之后的定语须用不定式，而不用现在分词。常见的抽象名词有：ambition, approach, chance, courage, effort, force，method, motive, movement, opportunity, power, reason, time, way等。
类例
The traditional approach dealing with complex problems is to break them down into smaller, more easily managed problems.
The traditional approach to deal with complex problems is to break them down into smaller, more easily managed problems.
解决复杂问题的传统方法是将它们分解成较小的和较容易解决的问题。
（4）不定式作状语的误用
错句10
He returned home learning that his daughter had just engaged.
He returned home to learn that his daughter had just engaged.
他回家才知道女儿刚订婚。
解析 to find, to hear, to learn, to see等不定式可以在谓语动词之后作状语，表示意外而令人不快的结果。为了突出这种结果，通常在不定式之前加上only，再如：“He woke up (only)to find his luggage missing.(他醒来发现自己的行李没了。)”
错句11
The vocabulary and grammatical differences between British and American English are so trivial and few as hardly being noticed.
The vocabulary and grammatical differences between British and American English are so trivial and few as hardly to be noticed.
英国英语和美国英语在词汇和语法方面的差异无足轻重，为数也很少，几乎不被人们所注意。
解析 如正确句子所示，在“so+形容词/副词+as”之后作结果状语的是不定式，而不是现在分词。
类例
He behaved so foolishly as making me think he had lost his senses.
He behaved so foolishly as to make me think he had lost his senses.
他表现得如此愚蠢，使我觉得他精神失常。
错句12
He can't have done such a terrible thing as keeping you waiting for so long.
He can't have done such a terrible thing as to keep you waiting for so long.
他不可能做出让你等了这么久这种糟糕的事。
解析 如正确句子所示，在“such+名词短语+as”之后作结果状语的是不定式，而不是现在分词。
（5）不定式作宾语补足语的误用
错句13
Did you notice him paused at the door and looked back?
Did you notice him pause at the door and look back?
你是否注意到他在门口停了下来，回头看了看？
解析 在感官动词feel, hear, listen to, look at, notice, observe, overhear，see, watch等之后，须用不带to的不定式作宾补。
错句14
They are going to have the serviceman to install an air conditioner in the office tomorrow.
They are going to have the serviceman install an air conditioner in the office tomorrow.
他们打算明天请维修工在办公室里装一台空调。
解析 在使役动词have, let, make之后，须用不带to的不定式作宾补。
错句15
Don't expect children being quiet all the time.
Don't expect children to be quiet all the time.
别指望孩子们总是不出声。
解析 如该句中的expect所示，许多动词要求不定式而不是现在分词作宾补。
类例
I wish you had reminded me phoning her.
I wish you had reminded me to phone her.
你当时要能提醒我打电话给她就好了。
（6）不定式作独立成分的误用
错句16
Being frank, I think you have very little chance of getting the job.
To be frank, I think you have very little chance of getting the job.
坦白地说，你获得这个工作的机会微乎其微。
解析 在正确句子中，不定式to be frank是独立成分。作独立成分的不定式短语多是一些固定搭配的短语，如：not to speak of(更不用说), to be brief(简言之)，to be exact(确切地说), to begin with(首先), to conclude(最后), to make a long story short(长话短说), to make matters worse(更糟糕的是), to say nothing of(更不用说), to sum up(概括地说), to tell (you)the truth(说实话)等。现在分词短语作独立成分时也是一些固定搭配，如：generally speaking(总的来说), frankly speaking(坦率地说), roughly speaking(大致说来)等。
类例
Making a long story short, they began to study the problem in earnest.
To make a long story short, they began to study the problem in earnest.
总之，他们开始认真研究这个问题了。
（7）不定式在某些结构中的误用
错句17
Some families prefer to negotiate with kidnappers rather than to notify the police.
Some families prefer to negotiate with kidnappers rather than notify the police.
许多家庭宁愿与绑架者谈判而不报警。
解析 正确句子所显示的prefer的用法是：prefer to do...than do。请注意动名词作prefer宾语的用法：“I prefer having a vacation than sitting in a stadium watching a show.(我宁愿去旅行，而不愿意坐在体育场里看表演。)”
错句18
We had no alternative but do as she said.
We had no alternative but to do as she said.
我们别无选择，只能按她说的做。
错句19
Would you rather walk or to take a bus?
Would you rather walk or take a bus?
你愿意步行还是坐公共汽车？
错句20
Kids would rather play than to study.
Kids would rather play than study.
小孩子好玩而不好学习。
错句21
We can't but to oppose this suggestion.
We can't but oppose this suggestion.
我们只好反对这个建议。
错句22
I couldn't help but to tell him about it.
I couldn't help but tell him about it.
我不得不告诉他这件事。
错句23
We could not choose but to pick off all the peaches.
We could not choose but pick off all the peaches.
我们只好把桃子都摘下来。
错句24
He knows nothing about it, so he can't help do any of your work.
He knows nothing about it, so he can't help to do any of your work.
他对这个工作一无所知，因此他什么忙也帮不上。
解析 在正确句子中，can't help to do的意思是“无法帮忙”。试比较其后跟动名词的用法：“I can't help admiring the picture whenever I look at it.(每当我看到这幅画，都禁不住赞赏它。)”
错句25
She knows better than trust such a person with her life.
She knows better than to trust such a person with her life.
她不至于愚蠢到把自己的生命托付给这样一个人。
（8）不定式否定式的误用
错句26
The background music in an assembly line is designed to be not listened to.
The background music in an assembly line is designed not to be listened to.
装配线上的背景音乐不是为了给人听而设计的。
解析 不定式否定式的形式是not位于不定式符号to之前。
类例
I advise them to withdraw so as to not get involved.
I advise them to withdraw so as not to get involved.
我建议他们撤出来，以免被牵扯进去。
（9）不定式时态的误用
错句27
I'd rather read than watch television; the programs seem to get worse all the time.
I'd rather read than watch television; the programs seem to be getting worse all the time.
我宁愿看书而不愿看电视；电视节目似乎越来越糟。
解析 如正确句子所示，不定式进行式to be getting表示正在进行的动作。
类例
He ignored me and pretended to read.
He ignored me and pretended to be reading.
他没理我，假装在看书。
The banks are widely believed to plan a cut in interest rates.
The banks are widely believed to be planning a cut in interest rates.
人们普遍认为银行正在计划降低利率。
Electrons are believed to move continuously in a body.
Electrons are believed to be continuously moving in a body.
人们认为电子在物体中不断地运动着。
错句28
The ancient Egyptians are supposed to send rockets to the moon.
The ancient Egyptians are supposed to have sent rockets to the moon.
人们认为古埃及人往月球发射过火箭。
解析 在正确句子中，不定式完成式to have sent表示其动作在谓语动词suppose之前完成。
类例
The members of the delegation were glad to stay longer than originally planned.
The members of the delegation were glad to have stayed longer than originally planned.
代表团的成员们很高兴已经逗留了比原计划长的时间。
The Bunsen burner is so named because it is thought to be invented by Robert Bunsen.
The Bunsen burner is so named because it is thought to have been invented by Robert Bunsen.
本生灯之所以如此命名，是因为它被认为是由罗伯特·本生发明的。
The bank is reported in the local newspaper to be robbed in broad daylight yesterday.
The bank is reported in the local newspaper to have been robbed in broad daylight yesterday.
据这家地方报社报道，该银行昨天在光天化日之下被抢劫。
错句29
We were to meet before six, but a snow storm made this arrangement impossible.
We were to have met before six, but a snow storm made this arrangement impossible.
我们原计划六点钟见面，但是一场暴风雪使这个安排未能实现。
解析 如正确句子所示，助动词were和不定式完成式一起作谓语，表示过去制定的没有实现的计划。
类例
His second book was to be completed by August 2010, but two years later，the end was still nowhere in sight.
His second book was to have been completed by August 2010, but two years later, the end was still nowhere in sight.
他的第二本书本来要在2010年8月之前完成，但是两年之后，仍然不见书的结尾。
The students were to assemble at the auditorium before 1:30 p.m., but the lecture was cancelled at the last time.
The students were to have assembled at the auditorium before 1:30 p.m.，but the lecture was cancelled at the last time.
原定于下午1点30分之前学生们在礼堂前集合，但讲座在最后时刻取消了。
（10）不定式语态的误用
错句30
Those part-time students expected to offer some jobs on campus during the coming summer vacation.
Those part-time students expected to be offered some jobs on campus during the coming summer vacation.
那些非全日制学生盼望在即将到来的暑假中能被提供一些校园里的工作。
解析 当不定式的逻辑主语为不定式所表示的动作的承受者时，不定式须用被动式。在该句中，students与to offer是受动关系，因此不定式须用被动式to be offered。
类例
If the building project to complete by the end of this month is delayed, the construction company will be fined.
If the building project to be completed by the end of this month is delayed，the construction company will be fined.
如果定于本月底完成的这项建筑工程被延误，该建筑公司将被罚款。
We have more than fifty proposals to discuss at the conference.
We have more than fifty proposals to be discussed at the conference.
我们有50多项提案将在这次会上讨论。
错句31
I have a lot of work to be done today.
I have a lot of work to do today.
我今天有许多工作要做。
解析 一般来说，不定式作后置定语时，须用被动形式来表示被动意义，如：“This is the rule to be followed.(这是要遵循的规则。)”但是，如正确句子所示，当句中的谓语动词为have，其宾语的后置定语须用不定式的主动形式来表示被动意义。该句中to do的逻辑主语为句子的主语I。
错句32
The children are not to be blamed for the accident.
The children are not to blame for the accident.
那次事故不该怪孩子们。
解析 be to blame (for)是个短语，意思是“应(为……)承担责任”。
类例
If anyone is to be blamed, it's me.
If anyone is to blame, it's me.
如果有人该承担责任，那就是我。
错句33
One of the benefits of the new model is that it is easier to be operated than the old one.
One of the benefits of the new model is that it is easier to operate than the old one.
这个新模型的好处之一是比旧的容易操作。
解析 不定式作形容词补语时，如果句子的主语与不定式为逻辑上的受动关系，则不定式须用主动式。常与这种形式的不定式搭配的形容词有：agreeable, amusing，difficult, easy, hard, hopeless, (im)possible, interesting, nice, pleasant等。
类例
The teachers complained that the child was difficult to be taught.
The teachers complained that the child was difficult to teach.
老师们抱怨这个孩子难教。
She thought that the question was impossible to be answered.
She thought that the question was impossible to answer.
她觉得这个问题无法回答。
（11）不定式复合结构的误用
错句34
It is not uncommon for there being problems of communication between the old and the young.
It is not uncommon for there to be problems of communication between the old and the young.
老年人与年轻人的沟通存在一些问题，这没有什么不寻常的。
解析 在正确句子中，for there to be problems是不定式复合结构，在句中作主语。for there being problems则既不是动名词的复合结构形式，也不是现在分词的复合结构形式。
类例
For there being successful communication, there must be attentiveness and involvement in the discussion itself by all present.
For there to be successful communication, there must be attentiveness and involvement in the discussion itself by all present.
为了能够成功交流，所有出席的人都必须精力集中地投入这次讨论中。解析 不定式复合结构在正确句子中作目的状语。
It isn't cold enough for there being a frost tonight, so I can leave Jim's car out quite safely.
It isn't cold enough for there to be a frost tonight, so I can leave Jim's car out quite safely.
今晚没有冷到结霜的程度，所以我可以很安全地把吉姆的汽车留在户外。
解析 不定式复合结构在正确句子中作结果状语。
错句35
It is impossible of him to come so early tomorrow.
It is impossible for him to come so early tomorrow.
明天他来这么早是不可能的。
解析 “it+be+形容词+for sb./sth.+不定式”结构有两个特点。一是句子的表语形容词是描绘事物的，而不是描绘人的，二是其中作主语的不定式复合结构可以位于句首：“For him to come so early tomorrow is impossible.”而错句则不具备这两个特点。
类例
It is dangerous of children to cross busy streets.
It is dangerous for children to cross busy streets.
儿童穿过繁忙的街道很危险。
It is necessary of the patient to be operated on.
It is necessary for the patient to be operated on.
对这个病人实施手术是必要的。
It is usual of the workers in that company to be paid more than a month late.
It is usual for the workers in that company to be paid more than a month late.
那个公司的工人晚一个多月领到工资是常有的事。
错句36
It is impolite for you to refuse their invitation.
It is impolite of you to refuse their invitation.
你拒绝他们的邀请是不礼貌的。
解析 “it+be+形容词+of sb.+不定式”结构有两个特点。一是句子的表语形容词是描绘人特点或品格的，而不是事物的，常见的有：brave, careful, careless, clever, cruel, difficult, foolish, generous, greedy, kind, modest, nice, (im)polite, rude, selfish, silly, stupid, thoughtful, timid, wise等。二是句型可以改写为以不定式的逻辑主语作句子主语：“You are impolite to refuse their invitation.”而错句则不具备这两个特点。
类例
It was wise for them to accept the suggestion.
It was wise of them to accept the suggestion.
他们接受这个建议是明智的。
It's very kind for you to spare the room for me.
It's very kind of you to spare the room for me.
非常感谢你给我腾出这间房子。
It was careless for Kate to lose the key.
It was careless of Kate to lose the key.
凯特真粗心，把钥匙丢了。
2．动名词的误用
（1）动名词作主语的误用
错句37
It's no use to call him; the only thing to do is to go and see him.
It's no use calling him; the only thing to do is to go and see him.
给他打电话没有用；唯一能做的事是去看他。
解析 如该句所示，当句子以it为形式主语，表语为no use, no good, fun等时，实际主语不能用不定式，但可以用动名词。
类例
It's no good to sit up too late.
It's no good sitting up too late.
熬夜没有好处。
（2）动名词作动词宾语的误用
错句38
That young man still denies to start the fire behind the store.
That young man still denies starting the fire behind the store.
那名年轻男子仍然不承认在商店后面放了火。
解析 在有些动词(如该句中的deny)之后，只能以动名词作宾语，不能以不定式作宾语，这类动词常见的有：acknowledge, admit, advise, advocate, anticipate, appreciate, avoid, can't help, confess, consider, contemplate, defer, delay, deny, detest, discontinue, dislike, dread, enjoy, envy, escape, excuse, face, fancy, favor, finish, forbid, forgive, imagine, involve, loathe, mind, miss, pardon, permit, ponder, postpone, practice, prevent, quit, recall, recollect, recommend, report, resist, resume, risk, suggest, tolerate, understand等。
类例
Tell Bill he should quit to worry and get some sleep.
Tell Bill he should quit worrying and get some sleep.
告诉比尔别再担心，睡会儿觉。
I greatly enjoy to play the game.
I greatly enjoy playing the game.
我非常喜欢这个游戏。
You should first practice to reverse the car into the garage.
You should first practice reversing the car into the garage.
你应该首先练习倒车入库。
Don't risk to lose the job which so many people want.
Don't risk losing the job which so many people want.
别冒险丢掉这么多人想要的这份工作。
This apartment isn't very good, and we are considering not to renew our lease.
This apartment isn't very good, and we are considering not renewing our lease.
这间公寓不是太好，我们正打算不再续签租约。
I know it isn't important, but I can't help to think about it.
I know it isn't important, but I can't help thinking about it.
我知道它不重要，但是我情不自禁地要去想它。
错句39
The manager regretted to blame his secretary for the mistake, for he later discovered it was his own fault.
The manager regretted blaming his secretary for the mistake, for he later discovered it was his own fault.
经理为责备秘书而后悔，因为他后来发现那是他自己的错。
解析 在regret等动词后，动名词与不定式都可以作宾语，但含义不同，其基本区别在于：用动名词表示先于谓语动词发生的动作，用不定式表示后于谓语动词发生的动作。这类动词还有forget, remember, go on等。
类例
I did not remember to lock the door when I left the house, so I rang up my neighbor and asked him to see if it was locked.
I did not remember locking the door when I left the house, so I rang up my neighbor and asked him to see if it was locked.
我不记得离开住所时锁门了，于是我给邻居打电话，请他看一看门是否锁了。
I'll never forget to meet you for the first time.
I'll never forget meeting you for the first time.
我永远也忘不了第一次见到你的情景。
She didn't want to go on to be a secretary all her life, so she went back to college.
She didn't want to go on being a secretary all her life, so she went back to college.
她不想一辈子当秘书，所以又回到大学读书。
解析 go on doing的意思是“不停地做同一件事”，go on to do的意思是“接着做另一件事”。
错句40
I tried to close the window.But that didn't help.I still felt cold.
I tried closing the window.But that didn't help.I still felt cold.
我关上窗户试了试。但这无济于事。我仍然觉得冷。
解析 try的后面跟动名词时作“试试看”解，表示已完成的动作或具有名词意义的概念性动作；跟不定式时作“试图”解，表示未完成的动作。
错句41
It is time to stop to keep women out of fields in which they are just as capable as men.
It is time to stop keeping women out of fields in which they are just as capable as men.
在女性与男性一样能够施展才华的领域里，是时候不再把女性排斥在外了。
解析 stop后面的动名词为宾语，而如果跟不定式，则为目的状语。
类例
You'd better stop to watch TV.It's time to go to bed.
You'd better stop watching TV.It's time to go to bed.
你最好别看电视了。到睡觉时间了。
错句42
Missing the train means to wait for an hour.
Missing the train means waiting for an hour.
误了这班火车意味着要等一个小时。
解析 mean后面跟动名词时，作“表明，意味着”解；后面跟不定式时，作“打算；有……的目的”解，如：“I mean to go tomorrow.(我打算明天走。)”
错句43
My room is a mess.It needs to tidy up.
My room is a mess.It needs tidying up.
我的房间乱糟糟的。需要整理一下它。
解析 need或want作谓语时，如果句子的主语是物，则后面跟动名词，表示被动意义，再如：“The plants want watering(=to be watered)daily.(这些花草需要每天浇水。)”如果句子的主语是人，则后面跟不定式，表示主动意义，如：“To succeed in a scientific experiment, one needs to be patient.(要想在科学实验中取得成功，我们需要耐心。)”
错句44
The words won't bear being repeated.
The words won't bear repeating.
这些话不堪重复。
解析 bear与won't或don't, doesn't等连用时，作“不适合，容不得”解，其后的动名词主动式表示被动意义，再如：“The consequences don't bear thinking about.(那后果简直不堪设想。)”但是，当bear与can't连用时，作“承受，忍受”解，此时，其后的动名词主动式表示主动意义，如：“I can't bear having rats in the house. (家里有老鼠我可受不了。)”被动式表示被动意义，如：“He can't bear being laughed (=to be laughed)at.(他受不了被取笑。)”
（3）动名词作介词动词宾语的误用
错句45
Ann never dreamed of there to be a chance for her to be sent abroad very soon.
Ann never dreamed of there being a chance for her to be sent abroad very soon.
安做梦也没想到她很快就有机会被派到国外。
解析 动名词可作介词动词(如该句中的dream of)的宾语，而不定式不能。
类例
Environmental pollution can lead to damage a country's economy.
Environmental pollution can lead to damaging a country's economy.
环境污染会导致一个国家经济的破坏。
She was so angry that she felt like to throw something at him.
She was so angry that she felt like throwing something at him.
她气得想扔东西打他。
I really object to be charged for parking here.
I really object to being charged for parking here.
我非常反对这里停车收费。
（4）动名词作短语介词动词宾语的误用
错句46
Neither rain nor snow keeps the postman from delivering our letters which we so much look forward to receive.
Neither rain nor snow keeps the postman from delivering our letters which we so much look forward to receiving.
下雨和下雪都阻止不了邮递员投递我们非常盼望收到的信件。
解析 动名词可作短语介词动词(如该句中的look forward to)的宾语，而不定式不能。
类例
I really must get down to fill in my tax form.
I really must get down to filling in my tax form.
我真的要认真填写报税表了。
My mom went in for grow roses.
My mom went in for growing roses.
母亲爱好种玫瑰。
（5）动名词作介词宾语的误用
错句47
They adopted all the necessary measures with a view to raise production.
They adopted all the necessary measures with a view to raising production.
为了提高产量，他们采取了一切必要的措施。
解析 正确句子中的动名词raising作复合介词with a view to的宾语，而不定式通常不能作介词宾语，除了except和but。
类例
What a lovely party! It's worth to be remembered all my life.
What a lovely party! It's worth remembering all my life.
多么愉快的聚会呀！它值得记一辈子。
No one had told Smith about there to be a lecture the following day.
No one had told Smith about there being a lecture the following day.
谁也没告诉史密斯第二天有一个讲座。
Our modern civilization must not be thought of as to have been created in a short period of time.
Our modern civilization must not be thought of as having been created in a short period of time.
千万不要认为我们的现代文明是在短时期内创造出来的。
You should pay more attention to practise your spoken English.
You should pay more attention to practising your spoken English.
你应该更注意练习你的英语口语。
（6）动名词复合结构的误用
错句48
I don't mind you to delay making the decision as long as it is not too late.
I don't mind you/your delaying making the decision as long as it is not too late.
我不介意你推迟做出决定，只要别太晚就行。
解析 正确句子中的you/your delaying是动名词复合结构，作mind的宾语；而错句之所以是错误的，是因为动词mind没有带以不定式为宾补的复合宾语。
类例
I would appreciate you to keep it a secret.
I would appreciate you/your keeping it a secret.
如果你能保守这个秘密，我将十分感激。
Excuse me to interrupt you.
Excuse me/my interrupting you.
很抱歉，打断您一下。
I remember him once to offer to help us if we ever got into trouble.
I remember him once offering to help us if we ever got into trouble.
我记得他曾主动提出，如果我们遇到困难，他会帮助我们。
错句49
The parents have employed all available means to educate their child for fear of him to be misled by bad companions.
The parents have employed all available means to educate their child for fear of him/his being misled by bad companions.
这个孩子的父母采取了一切可利用的方法来教育他，以免他被行为不端的伙伴们引入歧途。
解析 正确句子中的him/his being misled是动名词复合结构，作介词for fear of的宾语，而介词不能带him to be misled形式的宾语。
类例
He is fond of coffee to be served after dinner.
He is fond of coffee/coffee's being served after dinner.
他喜欢餐后上咖啡。
（7）动名词否定式的误用
错句50
We are sorry for having not informed you of their arrival.
We are sorry for not having informed you of their arrival.
很抱歉，我们没通知你他们来了。
解析 动名词否定的形式是not位于动名词(的第一个词)之前。
类例
She apologized for her being not able to attend the meeting.
She apologized for her not being able to attend the meeting.
她为没能出席会议表示道歉。
Were you disappointed at there having not been more applause?
Were you disappointed at there not having been more applause?
你对没有更多的掌声感到失望吗？
（8）动名词时态的误用
错句51
The police accused him of setting fire to the building but he denied being in the area on the night of the fire.
The police accused him of setting fire to the building but he denied having been in the area on the night of the fire.
警方指控他纵火烧了这栋建筑，但是他否认着火的那天晚上曾到过这个地区。
解析 如正确句子所示，动名词的完成式having been所表示的动作在谓语动词之前完成。
类例
He was criticized for not attending the meeting.
He was criticized for not having attended the meeting.
他因没有出席会议而受到批评。
Our modern civilization must not be thought of as being created in a short period of time.
Our modern civilization must not be thought of as having been created in a short period of time.
千万不要认为我们的现代文明是在短时期内创造出来的。
（9）动名词语态的误用
错句52
Ted has told me that he always escapes fining as he has got a very fast sports car.
Ted has told me that he always escapes being fined as he has got a very fast sports car.
特德跟我说过，由于他买了一辆速度非常快的跑车，他总是能逃脱罚款。
解析 当动名词的逻辑主语为动名词所表示的动作的承受者时，动名词须用被动式。在该句中，Ted与fine是受动关系，因此动名词须用被动式being fined。
类例
Although a teenager, Fred could resist telling what to do and what not to do.
Although a teenager, Fred could resist being told what to do and what not to do.
弗雷德虽然只有十几岁，却能拒不听从该做什么和不该做什么的吩咐。
The railway is in the process of constructing.
The railway is in the process of being constructed.
这条铁路在修建中。
Some criminals used guns to avoid to be caught.
Some criminals used guns to avoid being caught.
有些罪犯使用枪支，以免被抓住。
错句53
This book is not worth being read.
This book is not worth reading.
这本书不值得读。
解析 介词worth之后作宾语的动名词主动式表示被动意义。
3．现在分词的误用
（1）现在分词作定语的误用
错句54
How many of us to attend a meeting that is irrelevant to us would be interested in the discussion?
How many of us attending a meeting that is irrelevant to us would be interested in the discussion?
要是我们出席一个与自己不相干的会议，有多少人会对其讨论感兴趣？
解析 不定式和现在分词都可以作后置定语，其区别在于：前者通常表示未来的动作，后者通常表示正在进行的动作。
类例
Who is the man to make a phone call there?
Who is the man making a phone call there?
在那儿打电话的人是谁？
It's easy to blame the decline of conversation on the pace of modern life and on the vague changes to take place in our world.
It's easy to blame the decline of conversation on the pace of modern life and on the vague changes taking place in our world.
人们容易把交谈减少的原因归咎于现代生活的节奏和我们的世界所发生的微妙变化。
错句55
There was a very interesting remark in a book that I read recently gave what the author thought was a reason for this American characteristic.
There was a very interesting remark in a book that I read recently giving what the author thought was a reason for this American characteristic.
在我最近读过的一本书里，有一句很有趣的话，它提供了作者对这个美国特征根源的理解。
解析 在正确句子中，giving引导的现在分词短语作remark的后置定语，而错句子中的谓语动词gave造成了句子语法结构的混乱。
类例
The cat sat there was frightened, and ran away immediately.
The cat sitting there was frightened, and ran away immediately.
坐在那里的猫吓了一跳，马上跑掉了。
错句56
Oceans continually lose by evaporation much of the river water constantly flown into them.
Oceans continually lose by evaporation much of the river water constantly flowing into them.
由于蒸发，海洋不断损失大量源源流入的河水。
解析 现在分词和过去分词都可以作定语，其区别是：现在分词表示主动和/或进行意义；及物动词的过去分词表示被动和完成意义，不及物动词的过去分词只表示完成意义。在该句和以下的类例中，现在分词分别作后置或前置定语。
类例
Declined population in the centers of American cities have resulted in a large number of abandoned buildings.
Declining population in the centers of American cities have resulted in a large number of abandoned buildings.
美国城市中心地区日益减少的人口造成了大量房屋无人居住。
There are only a few students remained in the reading-room.
There are only a few students remaining in the reading-room.
只有少数几个学生留在阅览室。
There is a short foreword proceeded the book.
There is a short foreword proceeding the book.
书前面有简短的序言。
Many young employees are applying for this high-paid job.
Many young employees are applying for this high-paying job.
许多年轻的员工都在申请这份高薪工作。
Manufacturing is the country's most important economic activity, engaged 17 percent of the workforce.
Manufacturing is the country's most important economic activity, engaging 17 percent of the workforce.
制造业是该国最重要的经济活动，它雇用了17%的劳动力。
错句57
He also told of frightened events that had taken place in his native land.
He also told of frightening events that had taken place in his native land.
他还谈及了发生在他故乡的一些令人恐惧的事件。
解析 许多现在分词是已经形容词化了的分词形容词，可以被very等副词修饰，也可以有比较等级形式，如：amazing, amusing, annoying, astonishing, boring, charming, disappointing, discouraging, disgusting, embarrassing, exciting, frightening, interesting, inviting, loving, misleading, missing, obliging, pleasing, pressing, promising, puzzling, shocking, surprising, terrifying, tiring, worrying等。它们和形容词化了的过去分词都可以作定语，其区别在于，前者表示主动意义，而后者表示被动意义。
类例
It has been a worried time for us all.
It has been a worrying time for us all.
我们大家一直忧心忡忡。
They waited and waited for something excited to happen.
They waited and waited for something exciting to happen.
他们等啊等，等待着激动人心的事情发生。
（2）现在分词作表语的误用
错句58
His victory in the final was no more convinced than I had expected.
His victory in the final was no more convincing than I had expected.
他在决赛中的胜利跟我所预料的一样不令人信服。
解析 形容词化了的现在分词和过去分词都可以作表语，如错句57的“解析”所述，其区别在于：前者表示主动意义，而后者表示被动意义。
类例
The scenes in the mountains seemed more fascinated.
The scenes in the mountains seemed more fascinating.
山里的景色似乎更迷人。
Teaching students of threshold is hard work but the effort is very rewarded.
Teaching students of threshold is hard work but the effort is very rewarding.
教入门水平的学生是艰苦的工作，但是这种努力是非常有意义的。
This answer was very pleased to his parents.
This answer was very pleasing to his parents.
这个答复很合他父母的心意。
The result of the experiment is encouraged.
The result of the experiment is encouraging.
实验的结果很鼓舞人心。
（3）现在分词作状语的误用
错句59
To realize that I wasn't going to get much chance for promotion, I soon became bored with my work.
Realizing that I wasn't going to get much chance for promotion, I soon became bored with my work.
当意识到不会有多少晋升机会时，我很快就变得厌烦自己的工作了。
解析 现在分词可以作时间状语，而不定式不能。
To visit a strange city, I like to have a guide-book with me.
Visiting a strange city, I like to have a guide-book with me.
游览陌生城市时，我喜欢随身带着导游手册。
错句60
To be thoroughly dissatisfied with the picture, Mary tore it to pieces.
Being thoroughly dissatisfied with the picture, Mary tore it to pieces.
玛丽对这张照片一点儿也不满意，于是便把它撕成了碎片。
解析 现在分词可以作原因状语，而不定式不能。
类例
Not to know anything about the accident, he went to work as well.
Not knowing anything about the accident, he went to work as well.
由于对事故毫不知情，他也上班去了。
To believe the earth to be flat, many feared that Columbus would fall off the edge of the earth.
Believing the earth to be flat, many feared that Columbus would fall off the edge of the earth.
许多人曾认为地球是扁平的，所以担心哥伦布会从地球的边缘掉下去。
错句61
With age, the mineral content of human bones decreases, makes them more fragile.
With age, the mineral content of human bones decreases, making them more fragile.
随着年龄的增长，人体骨骼中的矿物成分逐渐减少，使骨骼更脆弱。
解析 在正确句子中，现在分词making作结果状语。而makes之所以是错误的，是因为它作为与decreases并列的第二个谓语，和decreases之间缺少并列连词。如果把逗号去掉，加上and，就是一个正确的句子。
类例
He fired, wounded one of the bandits.
He fired, wounding one of the bandits.(=He fired and wounded one of the bandits.)
他开枪打伤了一名歹徒。
They mistook me for a teacher, caused me some embarrassment.
They mistook me for a teacher, causing me some embarrassment.
他们误认我是教师，使我有些不好意思。
错句62
All night long he lay awake, thought of the problem.
All night long he lay awake, thinking of the problem.
他躺在床上彻夜不眠，思考着这个问题。
解析 在正确句子中，现在分词thinking作伴随状语。而thought之所以是错误的，是因为它作为与lay并列的第二个谓语，与lay之间缺少并列连词，不符合语法规则。如果把逗号去掉，加上and，虽然语法上没问题，但仍然无法表达现在分词作状语时的句意。
类例
We sang and danced, forgot all our trouble.
We sang and danced, forgetting all our trouble.
我们又唱又跳，忘掉了一切烦恼。
错句63
The company has spent thousands of pounds to update their computer system.
The company has spent thousands of pounds updating their computer system.
公司花了几千英镑升级计算机系统。
解析 如正确句子所示，现在分词在固定结构“spend...(时间、金钱、精力) doing”中作状语。
类例
He's spent half his life to write this book.
He's spent half his life writing this book.
他用了半辈子的工夫写这本书。
错句64
The money will be used to keep the space vehicle busy to send back to the earth photographs and information about the surface of the earth.
The money will be used to keep the space vehicle busy sending back to the earth photographs and information about the surface of the earth.
这笔钱将用于使该航天器把地球表面的照片和信息不断地发回地球。
解析 如正确句子所示，现在分词在(be)busy doing中作状语。
错句65
Sometimes very young children have trouble to separate fact from fiction.
Sometimes very young children have trouble separating fact from fiction.
幼童有时难以区分真实的事和虚构的事。
解析 如正确句子所示，现在分词在have difficulty/trouble/a difficult time doing中作状语。
类例
In winter, animals have a hard time to find anything to eat.
In winter, animals have a hard time finding anything to eat.
动物在冬季要费很大气力来寻找能吃的东西。
They had no difficulty to find the house.
They had no difficulty finding the house.
他们毫不费力地找到了这所房子。
错句66
As the price of oil keeps to go up, people have to pay more for driving a car.
As the price of oil keeps going up, people have to pay more for driving a car.
由于油价持续上涨，人们开车不得不花更多的钱。
解析 如正确句子所示，现在分词在keep doing中作状语。
错句67
Why don't you go to shop tomorrow?
Why don't you go shopping tomorrow?
你明天为什么不去购物？
解析 如正确句子所示，现在分词在go doing中作状语。在这种结构中作状语的现在分词多是一些有关体育和消遣活动的动词，如：boating, climbing, cycling, dancing, drinking, fishing, hiking, hunting, jogging, riding, sailing, shooting, skiing, swimming, walking等。
（4）现在分词作宾语补足语的误用
错句68
I was almost asleep last night when I suddenly heard someone knock at the door.
I was almost asleep last night when I suddenly heard someone knocking at the door.
昨晚我快睡着的时候，突然听到有人敲门。
解析 在感官动词feel, hear, notice, observe, perceive, see, smell, watch，listen to, look at等之后，不带to的不定式和现在分词都可以作宾补，其区别在于：前者通常是非延续性动词，表示动作的全过程；后者通常是延续性动词，表示动作正在进行。
类例
When I entered the room, I smelled something burn.
When I entered the room, I smelled something burning.
我进屋时闻到有东西烧焦的气味。
错句69
When I caught him cheat I stopped buying things there and started dealing with another shop.
When I caught him cheating I stopped buying things there and started dealing with another shop.
我发现他行骗以后就不再到那里买东西了，开始到另一家商店购物。
解析 现在分词可以在动词catch(偶然撞见), detect, discover, find以及keep(使), send(使), set(使开始), start(使开始)等之后作宾补，而不定式不能。
类例
The explosion sent things fly.
The explosion sent things flying.
爆炸使各种东西飞了起来。
You won't find many students learn Latin now.
You won't find many students learning Latin now.
现在你不会看到许多学生学拉丁文了。
（5）现在分词否定式的误用
错句70
Having not read it, I cannot tell you what I think of the book.
Not having read it, I cannot tell you what I think of the book.
我没读过这本书，所以无法告诉你我对它的看法。
解析 现在分词否定式的形式是not位于现在分词(的第一个词)之前。
类例
Knowing not anything about the accident, he went to work as well.
Not knowing anything about the accident, he went to work as well.
他对事故毫不知情，所以也去上班了。
（6）现在分词时态的误用
错句71
With production having gone up steadily, the factory needs an ever-increasing supply of raw materials.
With production going up steadily, the factory needs an ever-increasing supply of raw materials.
由于产量稳定增长，这家工厂需要原料供应不断增加。
解析 现在分词的一般式通常表示动作与谓语动词的动作同时发生。有时现在分词的一般式所表示的动作在谓语动词的动作之前发生，如：“Opening the drawer, he took out a notebook.(=He opened the drawer and took out a notebook.)(他打开抽屉，拿出了一个笔记本。)”
类例
Having arrived home at daybreak, he felt dead tired.
Arriving home at daybreak, he felt dead tired.
天亮到家时，他觉得累得要死。
错句72
Getting everything ready, they got down to mapping out a plan for the construction of a new express way.
Having got everything ready, they got down to mapping out a plan for the construction of a new express way.
在把一切准备就绪之后，他们着手详细制定一个修建一条新高速公路的计划。
解析 现在分词的完成式表示动作在谓语动词的动作之前完成。
类例
Failing several times, they need some encouragement.
Having failed several times, they need some encouragement.
他们已经失败了好几次，需要一些鼓励。
Have been working in the company for three years, Mark has become experienced in business negotiations.
Having worked in the company for three years, Mark has become experienced in business negotiations.
在公司干了三年之后，马克已经在生意谈判中变得老练了。
解析 错句中的have been working不是现在分词形式，而是谓语动词形式。
（7）现在分词语态的误用
错句73
Having isolated on a remote island, with little work to occupy them, the soldiers suffered from boredom and low spirits.
Having been isolated on a remote island, with little work to occupy them, the soldiers suffered from boredom and low spirits.
士兵们被困在一个偏远的岛上，由于无所事事，他们兴味索然，情绪低落。
解析 现在分词的被动式表示其逻辑主语为现在分词动作的承受者。
类例
Having tested many times, the instrument was found very sensitive.
Having been tested many times, the instrument was found very sensitive.
多次检测的结果显示这台仪器灵敏度很高。
If I correct someone, I will do it with as much good humor and self-restraint as if I were the one having corrected.
If I correct someone, I will do it with as much good humor and self-restraint as if I were the one being corrected.
如果我来纠正某个人的错误，我会以充满幽默和自我克制的方式来做，好像我就是那个被纠正的人。
错句74
The dark clouds had dispersed, the sun shone again.
The dark clouds having dispersed, the sun shone again.
乌云散开以后，太阳又出来了。
解析 正确句子中的现在分词复合结构the dark clouds having dispersed作时间状语。错句的错误在于：had dispersed是谓语动词形式，而前后两个分句之间缺少并列连词，或者第一个分句之前缺少从属连词。该句可以改成另外两种形式：“The dark clouds had dispersed, and the sun shone again./When the dark clouds had dispersed, the sun shone again.”
（8）现在分词复合结构的误用
错句75
All flights had canceled because of the storm, they decided to take the train.
All flights having been canceled because of the storm, they decided to take the train.
由于暴风雨，所有航班都取消了，所以他们决定坐火车。
解析 在正确句子中，all flights having been canceled是现在分词复合结构，作原因状语。错句的错误有二：一是had canceled是谓语动词形式，使逗号之前的部分成为一个分句，但是逗号前后的两个分句之间缺少并列连词，或者第一个分句之前缺少从属连词；二是第一个分句的谓语应该是被动语态。该句还可以改成另外两种形式：“All flights had been canceled because of the storm, and they decided to take the train./Since all flights had been canceled because of the storm, they decided to take the train.”
错句76
We left the meeting, there obviously to be no point in staying.
We left the meeting, there obviously being no point in staying.
再待下去显然没有什么意义了，于是我们离开了会场。
解析 正确句子中的现在分词复合结构there obviously being no point作原因状语。错句之所以是错误的，是因为不定式复合结构there obviously to be no point不能作原因状语。该句可以改成另一种形式：“We left the meeting, since there is obviously no point in staying.”
错句77
The two women sat there silently, neither showed the least interest in the other.
The two women sat there silently, neither showing the least interest in the other.
两个女人静静地坐在那里，谁也不对谁流露出丝毫的兴趣。
解析 正确句子中的现在分词复合结构neither showing the least interest作伴随状语。错句的错误在于：showed是谓语动词形式，而前后两个分句之间缺少并列连词。如果把showed看作过去分词，该句仍然不成立，因为过去分词表示被动和完成意义，不能带宾语。该句可以改成另一种形式：“The two women sat there silently, and neither showed the least interest in the other.”
错句78
The child was sleeping with a thin blanket covered his body.
The child was sleeping with a thin blanket covering his body.
孩子在睡觉，身上盖了一条薄毯子。
解析 正确句子中的现在分词复合结构with a thin blanket covering his body作伴随状语。错句错误的原因是在过去分词复合结构with a thin blanket covered之后有宾语his body。过去分词表示被动和完成意义，不能带宾语。
4．过去分词的误用
（1）过去分词的词形错误
错句79
These machines have laid idle since the factory closed.
These machines have lain idle since the factory closed.
自工厂关闭以来，这些机器一直闲置着。
解析 动词lie(躺，处于，位于)的过去分词是lain，而laid是lay(放置，铺设)的过去分词。
类例
The foundations of the house are being lain today.
The foundations of the house are being laid today.
今天正在给房子打地基。
解析 动词lay(放置，铺设)的过去分词是laid，而lain是lie(躺，处于，位于)的过去分词。
错句80
He was the last man to be hung for murder in this country.
He was the last man to be hanged for murder in this country.
他是这个国家最后一个被处以绞刑的杀人犯。
解析 动词hang作“绞死”解时的过去分词是hanged，作“悬挂”等解时的过去分词为hung。
类例
Two pictures are hanged on the wall.
Two pictures are hung on the wall.
墙上挂了两幅画。
解析 动词hang作“悬挂”解时的过去分词是hung，作“绞死”解时的过去分词为hanged。
错句81
Within three minutes the ship had sunken.
Within three minutes the ship had sunk.
这艘船不到三分钟就沉没了。
解析 动词sink(下沉，沉没)的过去分词是sunk。sunken是形容词，如：a sunken ship(沉船)。
错句82
He had drunken himself unconscious on vodka.
He had drunk himself unconscious on vodka.
他喝伏特加醉得不省人事。
解析 动词drink(喝)的过去分词是drunk。drunken是形容词，如：a drunken sleep(醉后的酣睡)。
（2）过去分词作定语的误用
错句83
Life is a candle meaning to burn ever brighter.
Life is a candle meant to burn ever brighter.
生命是一支注定越烧越亮的蜡烛。
解析 现在分词和过去分词都可以作定语，其区别是：现在分词表示主动和/或进行意义，过去分词表示被动和完成意义，不及物动词的过去分词只表示完成意义。
类例
After long negotiation with their employers, the workers decided to call off their intending strike.
After long negotiation with their employers, the workers decided to call off their intended strike.
在同雇主进行了长时间谈判之后，工人们决定取消本打算举行的这次罢工。
I met with some American soldiers dressing in brown uniforms.
I met with some American soldiers dressed in brown uniforms.
我遇见几个穿褐色制服的美国军人。
Unlike commercial motion pictures, educational films are not financed by paying admissions.
Unlike commercial motion pictures, educational films are not financed by paid admissions.
与商业电影不同，教育电影的资金不是由门票收入提供的。
He cannot tell the difference between true praise and flattering statements making only to gain his favor.
He cannot tell the difference between true praise and flattering statements made only to gain his favor.
他无法区别真正的赞扬和只是为了讨他欢心而说的奉承话。
The house was very quiet, isolating as it was on the side of a mountain.
The house was very quiet, isolated as it was on the side of a mountain.
这幢房子孤零零地在一个山坡上，非常安静。
错句84
She gave me a worrying look.
She gave me a worried look.
她心事重重地看了我一眼。
解析 许多过去分词是已经形容词化了的分词形容词，可以被very等副词修饰，也可以有比较等级形式，如：amazed, bored, disappointed, disturbed, embarrassed, excited, exhausted, fascinated, frightened, interested, limited, pleased, puzzled, satisfied, shocked, surprised, terrified, tired, worried等。它们和形容词化了的现在分词都可以作定语，其区别在于：前者表示被动意义，而后者表示主动意义。
类例
There was a boring expression on her face.
There was a bored expression on her face.
她脸上有一种厌倦的表情。
（3）过去分词作表语的误用
错句85
After a long walk on a hot day, one often feels exhausting.
After a long walk on a hot day, one often feels exhausted.
在炎热的天气里长途步行之后，人们常常会感到筋疲力尽。
解析 形容词化了的过去分词和现在分词都可以作表语，如错句84的“解析”所述，其区别在于：前者表示被动意义，而后者表示主动意义。
类例
The visitors were disappointing to find the museum closed when they rushed there.
The visitors were disappointed to find the museum closed when they rushed there.
游客们急忙赶到博物馆时发现关门了，觉得很失望。
After that, he appeared more satisfying with me.
After that, he appeared more satisfied with me.
此后，他似乎对我更满意了。
（4）过去分词作状语的误用
错句86
Freeing of the burden of ice, the balloon climbed up and drifted to the South.
Freed of the burden of ice, the balloon climbed up and drifted to the South.
由于摆脱了冰的重负，气球向上攀升，然后向南飘去。
解析 现在分词和过去分词都可以作状语，其区别是：现在分词表示主动和/或进行意义，过去分词表示被动和完成意义。正确句子中的过去分词短语作原因状语。
类例
Giving more time, he would be able to do better.
Given more time, he would be able to do better.
如果多给一些时间，他可能干得更出色。
解析 正确句子中的过去分词短语作条件状语。
One should never lose heart when confronting with temporary difficulties.
One should never lose heart when confronted with temporary difficulties.
面临暂时的困难的时候，绝不应该泄气。
解析 正确句子中的过去分词短语作时间状语。
Soaking to the skin, they eventually reached the station.
Soaked to the skin, they eventually reached the station.
他们虽然浑身湿透了，最终还是到达了车站。
解析 正确句子中的过去分词短语作让步状语。
The lad started, as if awakening from some dream.
The lad started, as if awakened from some dream.
小伙子吓了一跳，好像从什么梦中惊醒一样。
解析 正确句子中的过去分词短语作方式状语。
Chicago is the third largest publishing center in the United States, exceeding only by New York City and San Francisco.
Chicago is the third largest publishing center in the United States, exceeded only by New York City and San Francisco.
芝加哥是美国第三大出版中心，仅次于纽约和旧金山。
解析 正确句子中的过去分词短语作伴随状语。
Assuring of your support, I will certainly succeed.
Assured of your support, I will certainly succeed.
既然你保证支持我，我肯定会成功。
解析 正确句子中的过去分词短语作原因状语。
Taking out of the context, the word may be understood from different angles.
Taken out of the context, the word may be understood from different angles.
如果脱离上下文，这个词就可以从不同的角度去理解。
解析 正确句子中的过去分词短语作条件状语。
Seeing from the hill, the city is more beautiful.
Seen from the hill, the city is more beautiful.
从山上看，这座城市更漂亮。
解析 正确句子中的过去分词短语作时间或条件状语。
Comparing with the size of the whole earth, the highest mountain does not seem high at all.
Compared with the size of the whole earth, the highest mountain does not seem high at all.
与整个地球的大小比，最高的山看起来一点儿都不高。
解析 正确句子中的过去分词短语作时间或条件状语。
（5）过去分词作宾语补足语的误用
错句87
The visitors were disappointed to find the museum closing when they rushed there.
The visitors were disappointed to find the museum closed when they rushed there.
游客们急忙赶到博物馆时发现关门了，觉得很失望。
解析 在discover, feel, find, hear, keep, leave, see等动词后，现在分词和过去分词都可以作宾补，其区别是：现在分词表示主动和/或进行意义，过去分词表示被动和完成意义。
类例
He kept his eyes shutting and stayed where he was.
He kept his eyes shut and stayed where he was.
他一直闭着眼睛，待在原地。
错句88
There was so much noise in the room that the speaker could not make himself being heard.
There was so much noise in the room that the speaker could not make himself heard.
房间里非常嘈杂，演讲人无法让人们听见他的声音。
解析 正确句子中的过去分词heard在make后作宾补，表示完成和被动意义，而错句中的being heard表示被动和进行意义，因而是错误的。
错句89
Don't get your schedule changing; stay with us tomorrow.
Don't get your schedule changed; stay with us tomorrow.
别改变你的计划；明天和我们待在一起吧。
解析 在使役动词get和have之后，作宾补的过去分词表示被动，现在分词表示主动，如：“Can you get that old car going again? (你能让那辆老爷车再跑起来吗？)”
类例
They'll have you arresting if you don't pay your taxes.
They'll have you arrested if you don't pay your taxes.
你要是不交税，他们就会逮捕你。
（6）过去分词复合结构的误用
错句90
This sum is added, we will have enough money for the trip.
This sum added, we will have enough money for the trip.
如果加上这笔钱，我们就有足够的钱去旅行了。
解析 在正确句子中，this sum added是过去分词复合结构，作条件状语。错句中的is added是谓语动词形式，从而使逗号之前的部分成为一个分句。由于逗号前后的两个分句之间缺少并列连词，所以该句是错误的。该句可以改成另一种形式：“If this sum is added, we will have enough money for the trip.”
类例
The project was completed, we had two weeks'leave.
The project completed, we had two weeks'leave.
工程完成之后，我们休了两个星期假。
解析 在正确句子中，过去分词复合结构the project completed作时间状语。该句可以改成另一种形式：“After the project was completed, we had two weeks' leave.”
错句91
They stood there silently, their eyes were fixed on the horizon.
They stood there silently, their eyes fixed on the horizon.
他们静静地站在那里，眼睛注视着地平线。
解析 在正确句子中，their eyes fixed是过去分词复合结构，作伴随状语。错句中的were fixed是谓语动词形式，从而使逗号之后的部分成为一个分句。由于逗号前后的两个分句之间缺少并列连词，所以该句是错误的。该句可以改成另一种形式：“They stood there silently, and their eyes were fixed on the horizon.”
类例
Maggie ran back to the kitchen, eggs were held carefully in her hands.
Maggie ran back to the kitchen, eggs held carefully in her hands.
玛吉跑回厨房，双手小心翼翼地捧着鸡蛋。
解析 在正确句子中，eggs held是过去分词复合结构，作伴随状语。该句可以改成另一种形式：“Maggie ran back to the kitchen, and eggs were held carefully in her hands.”
错句92
With all the material she needed collecting, she started to work on her thesis.
With all the material she needed collected, she started to work on her thesis.
在收集到全部所需的材料之后，她开始写论文。
解析 在正确句子中，with all the material she needed collected是过去分词复合结构，作时间状语。过去分词collected表示与其逻辑主语material的被动关系，同时表示完成意义。错句之所以是错误的，是因为现在分词collecting不表示被动和完成意义，而表示主动和进行意义。
类例
A great weight taking off his mind, he soon fell asleep.
A great weight taken off his mind, he soon fell asleep.
由于了却了一大桩心事，他很快便睡着了。
解析 在正确句子中，a great weight taken off his mind是过去分词复合结构，作原因状语。
错句93
The sale usually takes place outside the house, with the audience seating on the benches, chairs or boxes.
The sale usually takes place outside the house, with the audience seated on the benches, chairs or boxes.
拍卖通常在户外进行，观众坐在长凳上、椅子上或箱子上。
解析 在正确句子中，with the audience seated是过去分词复合结构，作伴随状语。seat是及物动词，作“使坐”解。“落座，就座”的意思须用be seated表示，因此，错句用现在分词seating是错误的。
类例
Last month he renovated his house, with his study situating on the top floor.
Last month he renovated his house, with his study situated on the top floor.
上个月他重新装修了房子住，书房在顶层。
解析 在正确句子中，with his study situated是过去分词复合结构，作伴随状语。situate是及物动词，作“使位于”解。
错句94
With all factors to consider, we think this program will excel all the others in achieving the goal.
With all factors considered, we think this program will excel all the others in achieving the goal.
考虑到各种因素，我们认为这个计划比其他所有计划更容易达到目的。
解析 在正确句子中，with all factors considered是过去分词复合结构，作条件状语。错句中位于句首的with all factors to consider是一个不合语法规则的短语，不能充当任何句子成分，因此该句是错误的。
类例
With him well to take care of, we felt quite relieved.
With him well taken care of, we felt quite relieved.
由于他被照顾得很好，我们感到很放心。
解析 在正确句子中，with him well taken care of是过去分词复合结构，作原因状语。
They sat together for about half an hour, without another word to exchange.
They sat together for about half an hour, without another word exchanged.
他们在一起坐了大约半个小时，相互再没有说一句话。
解析 在正确句子中，without another word exchanged是过去分词复合结构，作伴随状语。
With the walls to paint pink, the room would look much nicer.
With the walls painted pink, the room would look much nicer.
要是把墙壁刷成粉红色，房间就会显得漂亮许多。
解析 在正确句子中，with the walls painted pink是过去分词复合结构，作条件状语。
6．使用垂悬非限定动词
（1）使用垂悬不定式
错句95
To reach a more objective conclusion, their cultural backgrounds should be considered.
To reach a more objective conclusion, we should consider their cultural backgrounds.
为了得出一个更客观的结论，我们应该考虑他们的文化背景。
解析 在错句中，作状语的不定式to reach的逻辑主语不是句子的主语their cultural backgrounds，成为垂悬不定式。
类例
To keep farm machinery in good repair, a regular maintenance is necessary.
A farmer needs a regular maintenance to keep the farm machinery in good repair.
为了保证农业机械不出故障，农民须对其定期保养。
To succeed in marketing, efforts must be made to interest more young people.
To succeed in marketing, we must make efforts to interest more young people.
要想促销成功，我们必须努力吸引更多的年轻人。
（2）使用垂悬动名词
错句96
After gaining some experience, these measures will gradually be introduced in other regions across the country.
After we have gained some experience, these measures will gradually be introduced in other regions across the country.
在我们取得一些经验之后，这些措施将在全国其他地区逐步实施。
解析 在错句中，作介词宾语的gaining的逻辑主语不是句子的主语these measures，成了垂悬动名词。
类例
Fortunately, by cutting the number of employees, the annual debt of the firm has decreased.
Fortunately, by cutting the number of employees, the firm has reduced its annual debt.
幸运的是，通过裁减员工，公司的年度债务减少了。
Since leaving her, life has seemed pointless.
Since leaving her, I have felt that life seemed pointless.
自从离开她以后，我觉得生活似乎失去了意义。
After cooking the meat in wine, none of the guests would eat it.
After cooking the meat in wine, I couldn't get any of the guests to eat it.
我用葡萄酒把肉做好之后，没能如愿让客人们享用。
（3）使用垂悬现在分词
错句97
Standing in the driveway, the house appeared to be much smaller than it had seemed to us as children many years ago.
When we stood in the driveway, the house appeared to be much smaller than it had seemed to us as children many years ago.
我们站在车道上看去，这所房子似乎比多年前我们小时候看起来小得多。
解析 在错句中，作时间状语的现在分词短语standing in the driveway的逻辑主语不是句子的主语the house，成了垂悬现在分词。
类例
In recent years, China has imported a lot of technology and equipment, playing an important role in upgrading its petrochemical industry.
In recent years, China has imported a lot of technology and equipment, and these imports have played an important role in upgrading its petrochemical industry.
近年来，中国进口了大量技术和设备，它们在提升国家的石化工业发展上起了重要作用。
Having moved all the things into the garage, there was no room left for the car.
After we moved all the things into the garage, there was no room left for the car.
在我们把所有这些东西搬进车库之后，里面已没有地方放汽车了。
Opening the cupboard, a plate fell out.
When he opened the cupboard, a plate fell out.
他打开碗橱时，一个盘子掉了出来。
Looking out of the window of the hotel, there were lots of beautiful buildings.
Looking out of the window of the hotel, we saw lots of beautiful buildings.
从酒店的窗户看去，有许多漂亮的建筑。
Stepping into the hall, my heart was beating fast.
When I stepped into the hall, my heart was beating fast.
步入大厅时，我的心跳得很快。
My hat was blown off by the wind while walking down a narrow street.
My hat was blown off by the wind while I was walking down a narrow street.
当我沿着一条狭窄的街道行走时，我的帽子被风吹掉了。
Living in a southern city, snow is seldom seen.
Living in a southern city, we seldom see snow.
由于住在南方的城市，我们很少看到雪。
Using either military or peaceful means, most of the remaining enemy forces were put out of action.
Using either military or peaceful means, we put most of the remaining enemy forces out of action.
通过军事或和平手段，我们击溃了大部分残余敌军。
（4）使用垂悬过去分词
错句98
Burdened with huge debts, more than 500 hundred workers, a quarter of the firm's total, have been fired.
Since the firm was burdened with huge debts, more than 500 hundred workers, a quarter of the firm's total, have been fired.
由于公司身负巨额债务，500多名工人已经被解雇，人数为公司员工总数的四分之一。
解析 错句中，作原因状语的过去分词短语burdened with huge debts的逻辑主语不是句子的主语workers，成了垂悬过去分词。
类例
Grilled on charcoal, everyone enjoyed the fish.
When the fish had been grilled on charcoal, everyone enjoyed it.
将鱼用木炭烤熟之后，大家美餐了一顿。
Conveniently situated, traffic from the hotel to Beijing International Airport takes only half an hour via the Third Ring Road.
The hotel is conveniently situated, only half an hour to Beijing International Airport via the Third Ring Road.
该酒店位置便利，走三环路到北京国际机场仅半个小时。