（三）代词的误用
1．人称代词的误用
（1）人称代词人称的误用
错句1
Each cigarette that a person smokes does some harm, and eventually you may get a serious disease from its effect.
Each cigarette that a person smokes does some harm, and eventually he may get a serious disease from its effect.
一个人所吸的每一支香烟都造成一定的危害，他最终可能会由于香烟的影响而患上严重的疾病。
解析 人称代词he指代前面从句中的person。
错句2
When one has good health, you should feel fortunate.
When one has good health, he should feel fortunate.
当一个人健康的时候，他应该感到幸运。
解析 不定代词one作主语时，与其照应的人称代词的主格、宾格和所有格形式，分别为he, him和his。再如：“One should do his duty.(每个人都应当尽职。)”
错句3
Your mother told me that you overslept this morning, didn't she?
Your mother told me that you overslept this morning, didn't you?
你妈妈告诉我你今天早上睡过了头，是吗？
解析 在该句中，需要得到证实的是宾语从句的内容，因此，后半句的主语为you。再如：“I suppose/think you are not serious, are you? (我猜想/看你不是当真的，对吧？)”
错句4
Everybody may be a success as long as you don't give up.
Everybody may be a success as long as he doesn't give up.
只要不放弃，每个人都可能成功。
解析 everybody为单数第三人称，所以须用he来指代。
错句5
Those of us who work in that chemical works should have their lungs examined.
Those of us who work in that chemical works should have our lungs examined.
我们当中在那家化工厂工作的人，应当对肺部进行检查。
解析 句中those of us指的是第一人称，所以后面与其呼应的是our。
（2）人称代词数的误用
错句6
It is required by law that a husband have to pay the debts of his wife until formal notice is given that he no longer has to pay her.
It is required by law that a husband have to pay the debts of his wife until formal notice is given that he no longer has to pay them.
法律要求丈夫须偿还妻子的债务，直到下达了他不必再偿还的正式通知为止。
解析 句中动词pay的宾语是debts，而不是his wife，因此，须用表示复数的them。
错句7
A doctor should know both medical theory and technique so as to use it to help his patients.
A doctor should know both medical theory and technique so as to use them to help his patients.
医生应该既懂医学理论又懂医疗技术，以便用它们来帮助病人。
解析 句中的theory和technique是两个事物，应该用表示复数的them指代。
错句8
As a college student, we should participate in practical activities to be prepared for the future.
As a college student, I should participate in practical activities to be prepared for the future.
作为大学生，我应该参加实践活动，以便为将来做好准备。
解析 句中的a college student须用单数人称代词来指代。
错句9
Each book and (each)magazine must be in their proper place.
Each book and (each)magazine must be in its proper place.
每一本书和杂志都必须放得井井有条。
解析 当and所连接的作主语的单数名词都被each, every或no修饰时，与其呼应的物主代词须用单数表示人的his/her或表示物的its。
（3）人称代词格的误用
错句10
They are not so willing as us to have this picture hung in the corridor.
They are not so willing as we to have this picture hung in the corridor.
他们不如我们那么愿意把这幅画挂在走廊里。
解析 句中的as是连词，因此，其后的人称代词应该用主格we，而不是宾格us。
类例
Such a boy as him should not be allowed to run loose.
Such a boy as he should not be allowed to run loose.
像他这样的孩子不应该任由他在外面随便玩耍。
Barbara is as tall as her, although she's not nearly as old.
Barbara is as tall as she, although she's not nearly as old.
芭芭拉和她一样高，虽然她的年龄远没有那么大。
错句11
I am of the same mind about this as yours.
I am of the same mind about this as you.
我和你在这一点上的想法一样。
解析 在正确句子中，as you=as you are，是as引导的定语从句的省略句。而as yours=as your mind。
类例
We had the same problem as theirs.
We had the same problem as they (had).
我们和他们有同样的问题。
解析 该句可改写为：“Our problem was the same as theirs.”
错句12
She reminds me of a friend of me.
She reminds me of a friend of mine.
她使我想起我的一个朋友。
解析 句中的of mine为双重所有格，其使用形式为：a, an, this, that等+词+of+名词性物主代词。再如：“Mr.Green and Mr.Brown are neighbors of his.(格林先生和布朗先生是他的邻居。)”
错句13
It was him who came first.
It was he who came first.
是他第一个来的。
解析 在这个强调句中，定语从句的主语为who，它所修饰的人称代词应是主格。
错句14
A foreign language is no doubt a useful tool for our students.
A foreign language is no doubt a useful tool for us students.
外语无疑是我们学生有用的工具。
解析 句中所有格的our作students的修饰语，而宾格的us作students的同位语。
2．疑问代词的误用
（1）who的误用
错句15
Whom do you think will be chosen?
Who do you think will be chosen?
你看谁能被选中？
解析 在正确句子中，do you think为插入语，who作主语。
（2）whom的误用
错句16
Who do you think I saw yesterday?
Whom do you think I saw yesterday?
你以为我昨天见的是谁？
解析 在正确句子中，do you think为插入语，whom作saw的宾语。
（3）what的误用
错句17
How is the weather like today?
What is the weather like today?
今天的天气怎样？
解析 “what is...like”用于询问某人或某物什么样子或怎么样，再如：“—What is your teacher like? (你们的老师怎么样？)—She is very kind.(她很和蔼。)”how用于询问某人的身体情况或事情的进展，但不与like连用，如：“How is your father? (你父亲身体怎样？)”“How was your trip? (你们旅行愉快吗？)”
错句18
Tell me how the bride looked like.
Tell me what the bride looked like.
告诉我新娘什么模样。
解析 该句可以改写为：“Tell me how the bride looked.”
错句19
How do you think of the plan?
What do you think of the plan?
你对这个计划有什么看法？
解析 think of表示对某人或某物的意见或看法。提问时，不能用how，须用what。
错句20
I don't know how to do.
I don't know what to do.
我不知道怎么办。
解析 当句中的to do后面有宾语时，须用how:“I don't know how to do it. (我不知道怎样做此事。)”
错句21
Which kind of books do you like best?
What kind of books do you like best?
你最喜欢哪种书？
解析 which不能在没有选择范围的情况下使用。下面的句子就只能用which:“Of romances, detective stories and science fictions, which do you like best? (在爱情故事、侦探小说和科幻小说中，你最喜欢哪一种？)”
（4）which的误用
错句22
Who of these boys is the strongest?
Which of these boys is the strongest?
这些男孩子中哪个最强壮？
解析 who和which均可就人提问，但who用于无选择范围或不清楚选择范围的情况，而which一般用于有选择范围的情况。句中的of these boys交代了选择范围，因此应该用which提问。
错句23
What subject do you like better, physics or chemistry?
Which subject do you like better, physics or chemistry?
你更喜欢哪一科，物理还是化学？
解析 which用于有选择范围的问句中。
3．指示代词的误用
（1）this的误用
错句24
Digging further into the medical literature, I found out there was a scientific explanation for all these.
Digging further into the medical literature, I found out there was a scientific explanation for all this.
进一步翻阅医学文献后我发现，这些都是有科学解释的。
解析 all these之后必须跟复数可数名词，如：after all these years(这么多年之后)。
（2）that的误用
错句25
He calls me when he comes to town, but this isn't often.
He calls me when he comes to town, but that isn't often.
他进城时就给我打电话，不过不常这样。
解析 that指代前面所说的情况，而this指后面发生的情况。
错句26
Who is this man over there?
Who is that man over there?
那边那个人是谁？
解析 that指远处的人或物，this指近处的。
类例
He lost his usual cheerfulness.This puzzled me.
He lost his usual cheerfulness.That puzzled me.
他失去了往常的愉快，让我很困惑。
错句27
The weather here is like the one in my hometown.
The weather here is like that in my hometown.
这里的天气和我家乡的相似。
解析 正确句子中的that代替的是不可数名词the weather。而one只能代替单数可数名词，所以不能用在该句中。
错句28
The color of these curtains is the same as what of the rug.
The color of these curtains is the same as that of the rug.
窗帘的颜色和地毯的一样。
解析 that用于代替前面的单数可数名词the color。
错句29
The air of a suburb is cleaner than what of a city.
The air of a suburb is cleaner than that of a city.
郊外的空气比城市的干净。
解析 that用于指代不可数名词the air。
提示
1．代替上文的单数可数名词时，that和the one都可以使用，后者使用更多一些，如：“The cup in your hand is bigger than that/the one in his.(你手里的杯子比他手里的大。)”
2. those可用于代替复数可数名词，并可与the ones换用，如：“The prices here are much lower than those/the ones there.(这里的物价比那里的低很多。)”
（3）such的误用
错句30
It is a pity that we should stay at home when we have so fine weather.
It is a pity that we should stay at home when we have such fine weather.
这么好的天气我们竟然待在家里，很可惜。
解析 such可修饰不可数名词，而so所修饰的形容词之后只能跟单数可数名词。
类例
I am sure you'd never find so bad food in any other canteen.
I am sure you'd never find such bad food in any other canteen.
我相信无论你在其他哪个食堂都找不到这么差的饭菜。
提示
such可以修饰可数名词的单数(如：such a lovely child)、复数(如：such lovely children)和不可数名词(如：such lovely weather)。such a lovely child可以改写为so lovely a child，但是such lovely children和such lovely weather中的such却不可改为so。换句话说，在so所修饰的形容词之后，只能跟单数可数名词，而不能跟复数可数名词或不可数名词。
错句31
Never call a man a thief till you can prove him so.
Never call a man a thief till you can prove him such.
在能够证明一个人是贼之前，别说他是贼。
解析 副词so可以指上文所说的情况，如：“I hope so.(我希望如此。)”但它不能指代名词。在正确句子中，代词such=a thief。
错句32
He was a child and must be treated as that.
He was a child and must be treated as such.
他是个孩子，因此必须当孩子对待。
解析 that在代替上文中的名词时，表示特指，因此其后须有修饰语。在正确句中，such=a child。
提示
such还用于such as, such as to, such that等固定搭配中，如：“His illness was not such as to cause anxiety.(他的病没有到令人焦虑的地步。)”
4．反身代词的误用
错句33
Two weeks ago my friend and myself decided to have a picnic.
Two weeks ago my friend and I decided to have a picnic.
两周前我和一位朋友决定去野餐。
解析 反身代词不能用作主语，除非用作主语的同位语表示强调，如：“I myself have never been to Italy.(我本人从没去过意大利。)”
错句34
He chose Jack and myself for the task.
He chose Jack and me for the task.
他挑选杰克和我来完成这项任务。
解析 反身代词的一个重要用法是作宾语，但此时它必须与句子的主语是同一个人或物，如：“She burnt herself very badly.(她把自己烧伤得很厉害。)”
5．不定代词的误用
（1）some的误用
错句35
Could you lend me any money?
Could you lend me some money?
借给我点儿钱好吗？
解析 some用在表示请求的疑问句中。
类例
Will you get me any magazines?
Will you get me some magazines?
给我拿些杂志来好吗？
错句36
Would you like any milk in your tea?
Would you like some milk in your tea?
要不要给你的茶中加点儿奶？
解析 some用在表示邀请的问句中。
类例
Will you have any cake?
Will you have some cake?
吃点儿蛋糕好吗？
错句37
Didn't he give you any advice?
Didn't he give you some advice?
难道他没给过你忠告吗？
解析 some用在表示反问的句子中。
类例
Aren't there any coins on the table?
Aren't there some coins on the table?
桌子上不是有些硬币吗？
（2）any的误用
错句38
The medicine is on sale everywhere.You can get it at some chemist's.
The medicine is on sale everywhere.You can get it at any chemist's.
这种药到处都卖。你在任何一个药店都能买到。
解析 any可用于肯定句，在从句中作“任何的”解，再如：“Take any book you like.(你喜欢哪本书就拿哪本。)”
类例
The question is so easy that some child can answer it.
The question is so easy that any child can answer it.
这个问题太容易了，任何一个小孩都能回答。
错句39
She asked whether/if we had some questions.
She asked whether/if we had any questions.
她问我们是否有问题。
解析 any可用于whether/if引导的宾语从句中。
类例
We want to know whether/if there are some children in the burning house.
We want to know whether/if there are any children in the burning house.
我们想知道在着火的房子里是否有儿童。
（3）each与every的误用
错句40
There is a bookstore on every side of the street.
There is a bookstore on each side of the street.
大街两侧都各有一家书店。
解析 each用于修饰两个或两个以上的人或物，every用于修饰三个或三个以上的人或物。
类例
He has an apple in every hand.
He has an apple in each hand.
他两只手里各拿了一个苹果。
（4）every one与everyone的误用
错句41
Every one liked her children because everyone of them was well-behaved.
Everyone liked her children because every one of them was well-behaved.
人人都喜欢她的孩子们，因为他们都很乖。
解析 everyone表示“每个人”; every one表示“一群或一批中的一个”，后面常跟有表示范围的介词of短语，而everyone不能这样使用。
类例
Everyone of us has had such an experience.
Every one of us has had such an experience.
我们每个人都有过这样的经历。
very one was tired of listening to her voice.
Everyone was tired of listening to her voice.
人人都厌烦听她的声音。
错句42
She mailed me three books last week, and I like everyone of them.
She mailed me three books last week, and I like every one of them.
她上周给我寄了三本书，每本我都喜欢。
解析 everyone只能指人，而every one既可指人，又可指物。正确句子中的one指的是book。
类例
She bought a dozen eggs, and everyone was bad.
She bought a dozen eggs, and every one was bad.
她买了一打鸡蛋，每个都坏了。
（5）none与no one的误用
错句43
Tickets for Sunday? Sorry, we've got no one left.
Tickets for Sunday? Sorry, we've got none left.
星期天的票？对不起，一张也没有了。
解析 no one只能指人，而none既可指人，又可指物，代替可数名词或不可数名词。
类例
“Is there any more milk?” “No, no one at all.”
“Is there any more milk?” “No, none at all.”
“还有牛奶吗？”“没了，一点都没了。”
错句44
The driver was killed, but no one of the passengers was hurt.
The driver was killed, but none of the passengers was hurt.
司机身亡了，但是乘客们却没人受伤。
解析 使用none指人时，要么它后面有of短语(如正确句子)，要么它是指前面已经提到的人(见类例)。而no one指人时，后面不能跟of短语。
类例
They have three sons, but no one of them live(s)nearby.
They have three sons, but none (of them)live(s)nearby.
他们有三个儿子，但没有一个住在附近。
错句45
“Who is in the room?” “None.”
“Who is in the room?” “No one.”
“谁在房间里？”“谁也不在。”
解析 no one用来回答who或whom的提问(如正确句子)，而none用来回答how many或how much的提问。
类例
“How many tickets are left?” “No one.”
“How many tickets are left?” “None.”
“还剩多少张票？”“一张也没剩。”
（6）none与nothing的误用
错句46
“What is in the box?” “None.”
“What is in the box?” “Nothing.”
“什么在盒子里？”“什么也没有。”
解析 none指物时不能用于回答what的提问，此时表示“什么也没有”的意思，须用nothing回答。
错句47
None could change his mind.
Nothing could change his mind.
没有任何东西能改变他的主意。
解析 none在指人或指物时，要么后面有of短语，要么是指前面已经提到的，因此该句中不能使用none。
类例
I have none particular to do tonight.
I have nothing particular to do tonight.
我今晚没有什么特别的事要做。
（7）both与either的误用
错句48
There is not a post office on both sides of the street.
There is not a post office on either side of the street.
大街两边都没有邮局。
解析 在否定句中，both表示部分否定，意思是“并非两者都”。错句的意思是：不是大街的两边都有邮局。表示全部否定时，要用not either或neither。
类例
He has not seen both of these pictures.
He has not seen either of these pictures.
这两张照片他都没见过。
解析 错句的意思是：他只见过这两张照片中的一张。
（8）both与neither的误用
错句49
Both of them are not telling the truth.
Neither of them was/were telling the truth.
他俩都没说实话。
解析 表示“两者都不”时，须用neither后接动词肯定式，而不用both后接动词否定式。错句中both的用法是表示部分否定，句子的意思是：不是两个人都说实话。
类例
Both of them did not go to the party.
Neither of them went to the party.
他俩都没去参加聚会。
解析 错句的意思是：不是两个人都去参加了聚会。
（9）all与none的误用
错句50
All of us didn't want to go to bed.
None of us wanted to go to bed.
我们都不想睡觉。
解析 在与可数名词(或人称代词)复数或不可数名词搭配，表示“全都不”时，须用none后接动词肯定式，而不用all后接动词否定式。错句中all的用法是表示部分否定，句子的意思是：不是我们所有人都想睡觉。
类例
All of the work wasn't done.
None of the work was done.
一点儿工作都没做。
解析 错句的意思是：工作并没有全做。
（10）another与the other的误用
错句51
It is one thing to make a promise, but it is quite the other to carry it out.
It is one thing to make a promise, but it is quite another to carry it out.
做出承诺是一回事，而履行承诺则是另一回事。
解析 another (one)指同类中的另一个(即one more)。
类例
I'm not a painter, and to me, one painting is much like the other.
I'm not a painter, and to me, one painting is much like another.
我不是画家，而且对我来说，每幅画看起来都差不多。
错句52
No agreement was reached in the discussion as neither side would give way to another.
No agreement was reached in the discussion as neither side would give way to the other.
在讨论中没有达成协议，因为双方互不让步。
解析 the other (one)指同类中余下的另一个(即the remaining one)。
类例
It is hard to tell the twins one from another.
It is hard to tell the twins one from the other.
很难辨别这对双胞胎的一个与另一个。
Put the chair at another end of the desk.
Put the chair at the other end of the desk.
把椅子放到桌子的另一头。
He held a book in one hand and a ball in another.
He held a book in one hand and a ball in the other.
他一只手拿着一本书，另一只手拿着一个球。
（11）one的误用
错句53
A good writer is that who can express the commonplace in an uncommon way.
A good writer is one who can express the commonplace in an uncommon way.
优秀作家是能够以不寻常的方法来表现寻常之处的作家。
解析 one可用于代替上文中出现的表示人或物的单数可数名词。在该句中，one=a writer，而that=the writer。
类例
A bridge made of stone is stronger than that made of wood.
A bridge made of stone is stronger than one made of wood.
石桥比木桥结实。
解析 在该句中，one=a bridge, that=the bridge。
Jack bought a mountain bike yesterday, and I want to buy it, too.
Jack bought a mountain bike yesterday, and I want to buy one, too.
杰克昨天买了一辆山地自行车，我也想买一辆。
解析 在该句中，one=a mountain bike, it=the mountain bike Jack bought。
We needed a new cupboard for the kitchen and Peter made that from some wood we had.
We needed a new cupboard for the kitchen and Peter made one from some wood we had.
我们的厨房需要一个新橱柜，于是彼得用我们的木头做了一个。
解析 在该句中，one=a cupboard, that=the cupboard。
提示
1. the one和that都可以代替上文的单数可数名词，而且比单数可数名词使用更多一些，如：“My hat is similar to the one/that you had on yesterday.(我的帽子很像你昨天戴的那顶。)”(the one/that=the hat)
2. ones可用于代替复数可数名词，如：“There was one big table and two small ones. (有一张大桌子和两张小桌子。)”(ones=tables)
3. the ones可用于代替复数可数名词，并可与those换用，如：“Even if they are on sale, these refrigerators are equal in price to, if not more expensive than, the ones/those at the other store.(虽然这些电冰箱降价出售，但是与另一家商店相比，其价格即使没有更高，也是持平。)”(the ones/those=the refrigerators)
6．连接代词的误用
（1）有疑问意义的what等的误用
错句54
Can you tell me whether it is about the city that makes people love it so much?
Can you tell me what it is about the city that makes people love it so much?
你能否告诉我这个城市的什么东西让人们这么喜欢它？
解析 what在正确句子中引导直接宾语从句，在从句中作表语。
错句55
Do you know what will come to keep him company when his mother is away?
Do you know who will come to keep him company when his mother is away?
你知道在他母亲外出时谁来和他做伴吗？
解析 who在正确句子中引导宾语从句，在从句中作主语。
提示
具有疑问意义的连接代词包括what, who, whom, whose, which，它们用于引导名词性从句，在句中担任句子成分。
（2）无疑问意义的what等的误用
错句56
They lost their way in the forest, and that made matters worse was that night began to fall.
They lost their way in the forest, and what made matters worse was that night began to fall.
他们在森林中迷了路，更糟糕的是，夜幕开始降临了。
解析 正确句子中的what没有疑问意义，意思是the thing(s)that，引导主语从句，在从句中作主语。
错句57
You can call me whoever you like.
You can call me whatever you like.
你喜欢叫我什么就叫我什么。
解析 whatever在正确句子中没有疑问意义，意思是anything that，引导宾语补语从句，在从句中作宾语。
错句58
The old gentleman never fails to help anyone is in need of his help.
The old gentleman never fails to help whoever is in need of his help.
这位老先生总是帮助任何需要他帮助的人。
解析 whoever在正确句子中没有疑问意义，意思是anyone who，引导宾语从句，在从句中作主语。
错句59
The managers may employ whoever they choose.
The managers may employ whomever they choose.
经理们可以看中谁就雇用谁。
解析 whomever在正确句子中没有疑问意义，意思是anyone whom，引导宾语从句，在从句中作宾语。
提示
没有疑问意义的连接代词what等又称关系代词，也称名词性关系代词，其意思是“所……的人/东西”或“任何……的人/东西”。它们包括：what(=the thing/things that)，whatever(=anything that), whoever(=anyone who), whomever(=anyone whom)。
7．关系代词的误用
（1）who的误用
错句60
She is the one whom we think is the most likely to succeed.
She is the one who we think is the most likely to succeed.
她是我们觉得最有可能成功的那个人。
解析 who在正确句子的定语从句中作主语，we think是个插入语。whom不能作主语。
类例
I saw the student whom you said was away.
I saw the student who you said was away.
我见过你说走了的那个学生。
解析 句中的you said是个插入语。
提示
下面这个句子是正确的，whom在句中作think的宾语，to be之后的部分作宾补：“She is the one whom we think to be the most likely to succeed.(她是我们觉得最有可能成功的那个人。)”
错句61
The family which are all football fans are now taking a holiday.
The family who are all football fans are now taking a holiday.
全家都是足球迷的那家人正在度假。
解析 which不能用于指人，而who可以指表示复数意义的集体名词。
错句62
Of those that had applied for the jobs, only two were accepted.
Of those who had applied for the jobs, only two were accepted.
在申请这个工作的那些人中，仅有两个人被录用。
解析 当先行词为those时，后面的定语从句由who引导，而不用that。
错句63
London policemen, that I am much obliged to, always try to be helpful.
London policemen, who I am much obliged to, always try to be helpful.
伦敦的警察总是尽力提供帮助，我对他们非常感激。
解析 who可引导非限制性定语从句，而that不能。
（2）whom的误用
错句64
We need a club chairman in which everyone has confidence.
We need a club chairman in whom everyone has confidence.
我们需要一位大家都信得过的俱乐部主席。
解析 whom在正确句子的定语从句中指代chairman。which不能指人，错句使用which是误把club当作从句的修饰对象的结果。
错句65
The eighty-nine passengers all escaped without serious injury, four of them were Americans.
The eighty-nine passengers all escaped without serious injury, four of whom were Americans.
89名乘客全部脱险而没受重伤，其中有4人是美国人。
解析 在该句中，逗号之后为非限制性定语从句，引导它的必须是关系代词，而them是人称代词。
（3）whose的误用
错句66
It was a small island which name I have forgotten.
It was a small island whose name I have forgotten.
那是一个我忘了名字的小岛。
解析 whose通常指人，也可指无生命的事物或动物。which不能作修饰语。
错句67
The man over there, his sister I know, is a famous musician.
The man over there, whose sister I know, is a famous musician.
那边那个人是个著名的音乐家，我认识他妹妹。
解析 该句中两个逗号之间的部分是一个非限制性定语从句，须用关系代词whose引导。
类例
The residents, all of their homes had been damaged by the flood, were given help by the government.
The residents, all of whose homes had been damaged by the flood, were given help by the government.
这些居民得到了政府的帮助，因为他们的家全被洪水冲毁了。
（4）which的误用
错句68
The audience who is composed entirely of students is larger than ever.
The audience which is composed entirely of students is larger than ever.
全部由学生组成的观众比以前多。
解析 关系代词which主要用于指无生命的事物，另外还可指婴儿、动物以及表示单数意义的集体名词，如该句中的audience。
错句69
After leaving school, he became an artist whose parents wanted him to be.
After leaving school, he became an artist which his parents wanted him to be.
离开学校以后，他成了一名父母要他做的艺术家。
解析 关系代词which可以指表示职业的名词，如该句中的artist。
错句70
The United States has fifty states, two of that are separated from the others by land or water.
The United States has fifty states, two of which are separated from the others by land or water.
美利坚合众国有50个州，其中的两个州被陆地或海洋与其他州隔开。
解析 关系代词that不能引导非限制性定语从句。
类例
He was very rude to the customs officer, that of course made things even worse.
He was very rude to the customs officer, which of course made things even worse.
他对海关官员非常粗鲁，这理所当然地使事情更为糟糕。
错句71
I was living in Raleigh, where is the capital of North Carolina.
I was living in Raleigh, which is the capital of North Carolina.
我住在罗利，它是北卡罗来纳的州府。
解析 在修饰表示地点的名词的定语从句中，当关系词作状语时，须用关系副词where来引导从句，如：“He returned to London where he was born.(他回到了出生地伦敦。)”否则，须用关系代词which或that(后者仅限于限制性定语从句)。在正确句子中，which作主语。
类例
This is the place where I have wanted to visit for a long time.
This is the place which I have wanted to visit for a long time.
这是我好长时间以来一直想游览的地方。
解析 在正确句子中，which作宾语。
（5）that的误用
错句72
He is the best speaker who addressed the meeting.
He is the best speaker that addressed the meeting.
他是在会上讲话的最好的演讲者。
解析 当表示人的名词之前有形容词最高级、序数词或very, only, next, last，any, all等修饰语时，修饰它的定语从句须用关系代词that引导，而不能用who。
类例
He is the only person who is familiar with Mary.
He is the only person that is familiar with Mary.
他是唯一熟悉玛丽的人。
Any student who wants to join us may come tomorrow.
Any student that wants to join us may come tomorrow.
想加入我们的学生明天都可以来。
错句73
All which is reasonable is not necessarily practicable.
All that is reasonable is not necessarily practicable.
合理的东西未必都是可行的。
解析 当被修饰的是不定代词something, anything, nothing, everything，none, little, few, much, all等时，其后的定语从句须用关系代词that引导，而不能用which。
类例
Everything which happened then was like a nightmare.
Everything that happened then was like a nightmare.
当时发生的一切就像是一场噩梦。
He had nothing left which he could pawn.
He had nothing left that he could pawn.
他没有余下的东西可抵押了。
I've never taken anything which didn't belong to me.
I've never taken anything that didn't belong to me.
我从没拿过不属于自己的东西。
Much which I have read has been nonsense.
Much that I have read has been nonsense.
我读过的好多东西都是一派胡言。
错句74
It is the process rather than the result is the very thing which counts.
It is the process rather than the result is the very thing that counts.
重要的是过程，而不是结果。
解析 当表示物的名词之前有形容词最高级、序数词或very, only, next, last, any, all等修饰语时，修饰它的定语从句须用关系代词that引导，而不能用which。
类例
This is the most interesting film which has ever come from Hollywood.
This is the most interesting film that has ever come from Hollywood.
这是好莱坞出品的最有意思的一部电影。
He picked up all the apples which had fallen from the trees.
He picked up all the apples that had fallen from the trees.
他把树上掉下来的苹果都拾了起来。
Right now, the only thing which the company cares about is efficient waste disposal and higher profits.
Right now, the only thing that the company cares about is efficient waste disposal and higher profits.
现在公司唯一关心的事情是废物的有效处理和提高利润。
错句75
Computers are not the all-purpose instrument which some people say they are.
Computers are not the all-purpose instrument that some people say they are.
计算机并不是有些人所说的那种万能工具。
解析 当关系代词在定语从句中作表语时，只能用that(可以省略)，而不能用which。
类例
I am no longer the little boy which I was ten years ago.
I am no longer the little boy that I was ten years ago.
我不再是10年前的那个小孩子了。
错句76
I know the difference which there is between you.
I know the difference that there is between you.
我知道你们之间的分歧。
解析 当定语从句为there be句型时，作从句主语的关系代词只能用that(可以省略)，而不能用which。
类例
I've told you all which there is to tell.
I've told you all that there is to tell.
该告诉的，我都告诉你了。
（6）but的误用
错句77
There is nobody who wishes to succeed.
There is nobody but wishes to succeed.
没有不希望成功的人。
解析 关系代词but相当于that...not, who...not或whom...not，用在表示否定意义的主句之后。正确句子中的but在从句中作主语，but wishes to succeed=who does not wish to succeed。
类例
There is scarcely an English dictionary that he has bought.
There is scarcely an English dictionary but he has bought.
英语辞典他几乎全都买了。
解析 正确句子中的but在从句中作宾语，but he has bought=that he has not bought。
（7）as的误用
错句78
It wasn't such a good dinner that she had promised us.
It wasn't such a good dinner as she had promised us.
这不是像她对我们许诺的那么好的一顿饭。
解析 关系代词as可与such连用，引导定语从句，并在从句中充当句子成分。在正确句子中，as在从句中作直接宾语。
类例
Such people that know Tom think he is honest.
Such people as know Tom think he is honest.
认识汤姆的人认为他诚实。
解析 在正确句子中，as在从句中作主语。
I never heard such stories that he told.
I never heard such stories as he told.
我从未听过他所讲的那样的故事。
解析 在正确句子中，as在从句中作宾语。
提示
以上三个错句中的that与such连用，构成引导结果状语从句的从属连词。由于that在从句中不作句子成分，该句成为句意不完整的错句。
错句79
They are doing the same work that I did last year.
They are doing the same work as I did last year.
他们正在做跟我去年所做的一样的工作。
解析 关系代词as可与the same连用，引导定语从句，并在从句中充当句子成分。在正确句子中，as在从句中作宾语。
类例
You are just the same that you were the day when I first met you.
You are just the same as you were the day when I first met you.
你跟我第一次见你那天简直一模一样。
解析 在正确句子中，as在定语从句中作表语。
This is the same thing that we are in need of.
This is the same thing as we are in need of.
这是和我们所需要的一样的东西。
解析 在正确句子中，as在定语从句中作介词of的宾语。
错句80
We witnessed so exciting a sight that we had never dreamed of.
We witnessed so exciting a sight as we had never dreamed of.
我们见到了从未梦想过的激动人心的场面。
解析 在正确句子中，as在定语从句中作短语动词dreamed of的宾语。用that之所以错误，是因为在so...that引导的结果状语从句中，dreamed of缺少宾语。
类例
Here is so difficult a problem that none of us can solve.
Here is so difficult a problem as none of us can solve.
这里有一个很难的问题，我们谁也解决不了。
解析 在正确句子中，as在定语从句中作动词solve的宾语。用that之所以错误，是因为在so...that引导的结果状语从句中，solve缺少宾语。
提示
以上两个错句中的that与so连用，构成引导结果状语从句的从属连词。由于that在从句中不作句子成分，该句成为句意不完整的错句。
错句81
Which was expected, he performed the task with success.
As was expected, he performed the task with success.
正如所预料的那样，他成功地完成了任务。
解析 关系代词as和which都可引导非限制性定语从句，指代整个主句。此时，which只能位于句末，as可位于句首。在正确句子中，as在从句中作主语。
类例
Which I remember, we were sitting in a riverside restaurant.
As I remember, we were sitting in a riverside restaurant.
我记得，我们是坐在一家河边餐馆里。
解析 在正确句子中，as在从句中作宾语。
Which can be seen from the report, the new method is practical.
As can be seen from the report, the new method is practical.
如报告所示，这种新方法是可行的。
解析 在正确句子中，as在从句中作主语。
错句82
The world, which we know, is made up of small particles called atoms.
The world, as we know, is made up of small particles called atoms.
我们知道，世界是由被称为原子的微粒组成的。
解析 关系代词as和which都可引导非限制性定语从句，指代整个主句。此时，which只能位于句末，而as还可位于句中。在正确句子中，as在从句中作宾语。
类例
If he comes late, which is usual, for another time, we will not receive him.
If he comes late, as is usual, for another time, we will not receive him.
如果他再像以前那样迟到，我们就不接待他了。
解析 在正确句子中，as在从句中作主语。
It was, which he later admitted, a stupid thing to do.
It was, as he later admitted, a stupid thing to do.
正如他后来所承认的那样，做这件事就是犯傻。
解析 在正确句子中，as在从句中作宾语。