4.3　考研真题详解

一、以句为单位

1. When this tendency to interfere in China was combined with a degree of internal confusion and incoherence within the Japanese government that made the Chinese warlords of the time look well organized, new trouble was almost certain to follow.（北京外国语大学2008研，考试科目：英汉同声传译）

【译文】日本国内混乱不堪加之政府内部无法达成一致，比中国军阀割据的局面更加混乱。新的问题必将产生。

【解析】拆分法。英语里面多长句，应结合语境把握其逻辑结构，再根据意群进行拆分，以便于读者理解文意。后面一个分句“new trouble was almost certain to follow”，意义完整，可单独成句。

2. We should not attempt to make a science out of translating, since it is essentially not an isolatable discipline, but a creative technology, a way of doing something which employs insights from a number of different disciplines.（北京第二外国语学院2008研，考试科目：综合考试（英2））

【译文】我们不应该试图将翻译视作一门科学，因为翻译本质上并非一门孤立的学科，而是一种极具创造性的技术，一种向多门不同的学科借鉴智慧的处事方法。

【解析】顺译法。原文是一个陈述句，逻辑关系十分清晰。先说结论“we should not...”，后说原因“since it is not a(n) ..., but a..., a...”与汉语里表因果关系的“因为，所以”对应，故进行顺译。

3. Her face blushed with rosy health and her eyes sparkled with the brightest and honestest good-humor.（华东师范大学2008研，考试科目：翻译）

【译文】她脸色红润，显得很健康，嘴角卷着甜迷迷的笑容，明亮的眼睛里闪闪发光，流露出最真诚的快活。

【解析】顺译法。原句结构清晰，意思明了。“face”，“health”，“eyes”，“good-humor”四个名词可经过适当转换，全部承接“她”而进行展开叙述，维持了原文的行文风格。

4. I lost myself, with a great deal of pleasure, among several thickets and bushes that were filled with a great variety of birds, and an agreeable confusion of notes, which formed the pleasantest scene in the world to one who had passed a whole winter in noise and smoke.（华东理工大学2006研，考试科目：翻译实践（英汉互译）

【译文】我心中充满欢欣，陶醉流连于那一丛丛灌木之间。林中鸟儿，数不胜数，奏出各种混杂但悦耳的音符，对一个在噪音和烟雾中度过了整整一个冬天的人来说，这一切构成了世界上最舒适的景致。

【解析】综合法。原文绘景，意象繁多。将“with a great deal of pleasure”提前，以便“lost myself”（即陶醉）来衔接下文多个意象，以免译文拖沓不连贯。后面一部分含一个非限定性定语从句，明显可以单独成句。“to”译为“对于”，根据汉语表达习惯，需要前置调整语序。

5. The freshness of the dews that lay upon everything about me, with the cool breath of the morning, which inspired the birds with so many delightful instincts, created in me the same kind of animal pleasure, and made my heart overflow with such secret emotions of joy and satisfaction as are not to be described or accounted for.（华东理工大学2006研，考试科目：翻译实践（英汉互译）

【译文】我周围的一切都还沾着新鲜的露水，早晨的空气凉爽怡人，极大地激发出鸟儿愉快的本能，同样也在我心中掀起阵阵快感。一种神秘的、无法描述、无法阐明的舒心和快乐的情感从我心中溢出。

【解析】综合法。先找准逻辑关系，划分意群，再选用合适的中文表达方式来进行翻译。“The freshness of the dews that lay upon everything about me”意思完整，可以单独成句；紧接着有一个“with”结构，后面跟一个非限定性定语从句，故可以从此处划分一个意群；最后一个分句书法作者所感，亦可自成一句。

6. We have therefore discussed the requirements for long-lasting growth on the basis of our own experience and believe that domestic policy needs to address three tasks: establishing and maintaining monetary and financial stability; enhancing domestic and international competition; and empowering people to participate.（北京外国语大学2009研，考试科目：英汉互译（同声传译））

【译文】因此，我们根据自己的经验，讨论了持久增长的要求，认为国内政策需解决三个任务：建立和维护货币和金融的稳定，推动国内和国际竞争，使人民参与其中。

【解析】拆分法。原句有多个谓语，翻译时不可笼统解决，适当拆分能使句子条理更加清晰。这里明显“we”作主语，谓语动词有“discussed”，“believe”，这是一层含义，而believe后所带宾语又包含三项内容，即establishing and maintaining，enhancing，empowering。这样一分析，逻辑结构便十分清晰了。

二、语篇分析

1. Translate the following paragraph into Chinese.（中国人民大学2007研）

The writer builds with words, and no builder uses a raw material more slippery and elusive and treacherous. A writer’ s work is a constant struggle to get the right word in the right place, to find that particular word that will convey his meaning exactly, that will persuade the reader or soothe him or startle or amuse him. He never succeeds altogether—sometimes he feels that he scarcely succeeds at all—but such successes as he has are what make the thing worth doing.

Some words are what we call “colorful”. By this we mean that they are calculated to produce a picture or induce an emotion. They are dressy instead of plain, specific instead of general, loud instead of soft. However, it should not be supposed that the fancy word is always better. Often it is as well to write “Her heart beat” or “It was hot” in place of “Her heart pounded” or “It was blistering” if that is all it did or all it was. Ages differ in how they like their prose. The nineteenth century liked it rich and smoky. The twentieth has usually preferred it lean and cool. The twentieth century writer is wary of sounding feverish. He tends to pitch it low, to understate it, to throw it away. He knows that if he gets too colorful, the audience is likely to giggle.

【参考译文】

作家运用字词进行建造，没有任何建造者比作家更能圆滑、扑朔迷离地利用原材料。作家的工作是个持续的挣扎过程，在该挣扎中，他需要措辞得当，需要寻求合适的字词以准确表达其意图，以使读者信服，使其本人感到宽慰，震惊或愉悦。他从未完全成功过——有时，他觉得自己一点儿也谈不上成功——但他所获得的这些成功使得这件事情（写作）值得从事。

有些字词，我们称之“生动的”。我们这么说，是指这些字词能够描绘出图画或造成某种情感。它们十分讲究，而非平淡无奇，它们十分精确，而非潦草，它们说服性十足，而非柔弱无力。然而，不能认为使用奇特字词总是好的。通常，如果情况很一般，人们也会用“她的心跳动着”和“天气很热”，而不说“她的心剧烈跳动”和“天气酷热”。不同的时代对文作的风格喜好各异。19世纪崇尚丰富和朦胧；20世纪酷爱简洁明快。20世纪的作家十分谨慎，唯恐听起来有狂热之意。他往往十分低调，轻描淡写，掷之悄然。他知道，如果他写得过于生动，读者可能会忍俊不禁。

【解析】这篇翻译的难点在于长难句的翻译，译文中对长句进行了断句和増译，使得逻辑更加清楚，符合中文表达习惯。另外第2段中“dressy instead of plain”“specific instead of general”“loud instead of soft”这些词语的翻译也不好把握，若直译会给人生硬之感，译文根据上下语境找到了比较切合的中文词。

2. 将下列段落译为汉语（北京外国语大学2011研）

It is not a coincidence that the global economy is experiencing the most severe case of unemployment during the worst economic crisis since the Great Depression. Unemployment is highly dependent on economic activity; In fact, growth and unemployment can be thought of as two sides of the same coin: when economic activity is high, more production happens overall, and more people are needed to produce the higher amount of goods and services. And when economic activity is low, firms cut jobs and unemployment rises. In that sense, unemployment is countercyclical, meaning that it rises when economic growth is low and vice versa.

But unemployment does not fall in lockstep with an increase in growth. It is more common for businesses to first try to recover from a downturn by having the same number of employees do more work or turn out more products—that is, to increase their productivity. Only as the recovery takes hold would businesses add workers. As a consequence, unemployment may start to come down only well after an economic recovery begins. The phenomenon works in reverse at the start of a downturn, when firms would rather reduce work hours, or impose some pay cuts before they let workers go. Unemployment starts rising only if the downturn is prolonged. Because unemployment follows growth with a delay, it is called a lagging indicator of economic activity.（228 words）

【参考译文】

自大萧条后，最严重的经济危机与最高的失业率同时显现于全球经济，这并非偶然。失业率受经济活动高度影响；事实上，二者就像一枚硬币的两面一样，紧密相连。当经济景气时，社会生产量全面增加，就需要更多的人来生产更多的商品，提供更多的服务。当经济陷入低谷，大小公司裁员，失业率继而上升。这样来讲，失业是反循环现象，即经济增长缓慢，失业率上升，经济增长迅速，失业率下降。

但失业率与经济增长率的变化幅度并非步调一致。对于企业来说，若想恢复效益，最为普遍的方法是：首先在不增加员工的情况下，生产出更多的商品，也就是，提高生产率。只有在企业效益恢复后，它们才会增加雇员。这就导致了只有在经济复苏开始一段时间后，失业率才会起步下降。然而，在经济衰退时却会出现相反的情况。经济衰退时，各个公司对待工人，宁可减时减薪，也不愿裁员。只有在经济衰退持续一段时间后，公司才会开始裁员。因此，失业率对经济活动的反应有所延迟，所以失业率也叫做经济活动的滞后指标。

【解析】这篇翻译的难点在于长句的翻译，英语重形合，汉语重意合，翻译时要注意划分句子层次，使句子符合汉语表达习惯。另外，文中有很多固定短语和句型的翻译也要注意，如“It is not a coincidence that”“two sides of the same coin”“fall in lockstep with”“takes hold”。最后要注意个别经济类专业词汇的翻译，如“countercyclical”和“lagging indicator”。

3. 将下列段落译为汉语（北京外国语大学2013研）

The elections in France and Greece tell us that austerity fatigue has set in. This is not surprising. For many countries no plausible exit exists from depression, deflation and despair. If the currency union were a normal fixed exchange rate arrangement, it would collapse, as did the gold standard in the 1930s and the Bretton Woods system in the 1970s. The question is whether the fact that it is a monetary union will do more than delay that outcome. Mr. Hollande says his mission is to give Europe “a dimension of growth and prosperity”. So can he achieve this laudable aim?

Fiscal tightening does not improve outcomes in shrinking economies. Thus, austerity is merely begetting more austerity. According to IMF, the ratio of gross public debt to gross domestic product will rise, not fall, in every year from 2008 to 2013 in Ireland, Italy, Spain and Portugal. It will briefly fall in Greece, but only because of its debt restructuring. The IMF forecasts that the economy will shrink this year, in real terms, and growth is forecast, optimistically, at close to zero in these countries in 2013. This is politically perilous. The emergence of still more extremist parties and a rising sense of betrayal seems inevitable.（206）

【参考译文】

法国和希腊的选举告诉我们，“紧缩计划疲劳症”已开始显现。这并不出人意料。对于许多国家而言，看上去不存在摆脱萧条、通缩和绝望的可信退出策略。如果欧元区这个货币联盟只是一个一般的固定汇率安排机制，那么它注定会瓦解，就像金本位和布雷顿森林体系（Bretton Woods system）分别于上世纪30年代和70年代瓦解那样。现在的问题是，欧元区是一个货币联盟的事实，除了延缓瓦解以外，能否发挥其他作用。推动欧元区实行必要变革的最后机会，落在了法国新当选总统弗朗索瓦·奥朗德（Fran ois Hollande）的肩上。奥朗德表示，他的使命就是为欧洲带来“增长和繁荣”。那么，他能否实现这一值得赞许的目标呢？

财政紧缩不会改善正在萎缩的经济体的状况。于是，紧缩只能导致更多的紧缩。国际货币基金组织（IMF）资料显示，从2010年至2013年的每一年，爱尔兰、意大利、西班牙和葡萄牙的总公共债务与国内生产总值（GDP）之比都将上升，而不是下降。在希腊该比率将会短暂下降，但原因仅仅是债务重组。IMF预测，今年这些国家的经济将会出现实际收缩。即使乐观估计，这些国家2013年的增长率也不过是接近于零。这在政治上是危险的。更极端政党的出现和背叛感的泛起，似乎是不可避免的。

【解析】这篇翻译的难点在于几个难句的翻译。首先是“For many countries no plausible exit exists from depression, deflation and despair”，要根据上下文理解这里的“exit”是比喻用法，是指“摆脱……的退出策略”。第二句是“Mr. Hollande says his mission is to give Europe ‘a dimension of growth and prosperity’”，这里要注意理解“a dimension of”，直译是“一个……的维度”，为了符合中文表达习惯，这里可以直接省略。

4. 将下列段落译为汉语（北京外国语大学2011研）

The genesis of a Chinese factory town is always the same: In the beginning nearly everybody is a construction worker. The booming economy means that work moves fast, and new industrial districts rise in distinct stages. Those early laborers are men who have migrated from rural villages, and immediately they’re joined by small entrepreneurs. These pioneers sell meat, fruit, and vegetables on informal stands, and later, when the first real stores appear, they stock construction materials.

After that cell phone companies set up shop: China Mobile, China Unicom. During these initial stages there’s rarely any sign of police. Government officials are prominently absent. It’s not until plants start production that you see many women. Assembly-line bosses prefer young female workers, who are believed to be more diligent and manageable. After the women appear, so do the clothes shops. In the early days garbage accumulates in the gutters; the government is never in a rush to institute basic services. Public buses don’t appear for months. Manholes remain open till the last instant, for fear that early settlers will steal the metal covers and sell them for scrap.（186 words）

【参考译文】

在中国，工业区的形成总是千篇一律：刚开始，几乎所有人都是建筑工人，随着经济增长，工作节奏加快，紧随着经济阶段性的发展，产生了新型工业区。那些早期的工人来自农村，他们很快就与小商贩联合，在小摊上贩卖肉类、蔬菜、水果，之后，首批真正意义上的商店出现了，他们开始囤积建筑材料。

随后中国移动、联通各种手机公司开始开店。早期阶段，基本上看不到警察的身影，政府官员也极其缺少。直到大工业生产时代，因为采用流水线作业的老板觉得女工更勤劳且更易管理，更倾向雇佣女工，生产线上才出现更多女人。女工出现后，服装店也接踵而至。早期，政府根本不着急建立基础公用设施，垃圾都直接堆阴沟里，数月都没有公共汽车。下水井敞开着，为了防止早期的居民把金属井盖偷了当废品卖掉，所以不到万不得已是不会有井盖的。

【解析】译文通过调整语序使句子的逻辑更加清晰，语义更加流畅。如第二段中的“In the early days garbage accumulates in the gutters; the government is never in a rush to institute basic services. Public buses don’t appear for months.”，在翻译的时候，译文用了总分的结构，把观点句“政府不着急建立基础公用设施”调整到首句，然后后面再举例子。再如最后一句的“Manholes remain open till the last instant, for fear that early settlers will steal the metal covers and sell them for scrap.”，先翻译后面的原因状语，再陈述结果，符合汉语的表达习惯。