Part 1 词类大家族
Chapter 1 冠词——名词帽子不可缺
重点提要
冠词(Article)是一种虚词，通常置于名词之前，用以帮助说明该名词所指的人或事物。冠词没有词义，也没有人称和数的变化，不能独立使用。冠词一般分为3类：不定冠词(the indefinite article)a和an，定冠词(the definite article)the以及零冠词(zero article)。
语法剖析
There used to be a tree in the yard. It's an orange tree. We always play games under the tree after school at that time.
这个院子里曾经有一棵树。它是一棵橘子树。那时候，我们常常放学后在树下玩游戏。
引语：上文中，出现了两处不定冠词a tree和an orange tree，两处定冠词in the yard和under the tree，还有两处零冠词play games和at that time。那么，什么时候用不定冠词？什么时候用定冠词？什么时候又要用零冠词呢？冠词是不是可有可无，随意取用？不定冠词a、an有什么分别？不定冠词与定冠词又有什么分别？翻译中，为什么只有一处冠词，这会不会影响语义表达？不要心急哦，接下来，我们就来一一学习。
不定冠词：装扮单数名词
不定冠词用法
泛指某一类别。
1 A tiger is a dangerous animal．老虎是一种危险的动物。
2 I have never seen an elephant before．我以前从没有见过大象。
3 It's known to all that a rabbit runs faster than a tortoise.
众所周知，兔子比乌龟跑得快。
4 A student should study hard and listen to the teachers.
学生应该努力学习，听老师的话。
5 An ice-cream is easy to oil when it is heated．冰激凌加热时很容易化掉。
用在第一次提到的人或物之前，表示介绍。
1 He showed me a picture after supper．晚饭后，他让我看了一幅画。
2 A book was found on the table in the room．在房间的桌子上发现有一本书。
3 I saw an elephant in the forest．我在森林里看到了一只大象。
4 A woman was standing in front of the building when we arrived.
我们到达时，那栋楼的前面站了一个女人。
5 To his surprise, a stranger was lying on his bed.
让他吃惊的是，一个陌生人正躺在他的床上。
修饰抽象名词时，使抽象名词具体化。
1 It is a shame to make the same mistake．犯同样的错误真是太丢脸了。
2 He saw a beauty was crying by the side of the street.
他看见一个美女在路边哭泣。
3 It's a pleasure to play with the children on the lawn.
跟孩子们一起在草坪上玩耍真是太开心了。
4 Needless to say, the girl is a proud to her family.
不用说，对于家人们来说，这个女孩是他们的骄傲。
5 Her sudden death was a surprise to her relatives and colleagues.
她的突然死亡令亲人和同事们很是震惊。
用在表示成对的名词前，意思是“一对”“一副”“一双”。
1 The waiter brought us a fork and knife．服务员给我们拿来了一副刀叉。
2 There is a fork and knife in the kitchen．厨房里有一副刀叉。
用于某些固定搭配中。
1 a lot of 许多
2 a piece of 一块；一片
3 in a hurry 匆忙
4 keep an eye on 照看；留意
5 take a rest 休息一下
用and连接的两个并列名词前，如果只有一个a/an，则表示一个人或一个事物；如果在这两个名词前各有a/an修饰，则表示两个人或事物。
1 Jack Robert is a singer and actor.
杰克罗伯特既是一名歌星，又是一名演员。
2 I never imagine that it is a sofa and bed．我从没想到，它既是沙发又是床。
3 The man said his daughter was a teacher and student.
那人说，他女儿既是老师，又是学生。
4 They are an engineer and a farmer.
他们一个是工程师，一个是农民。
5 He took a book and a dictionary from the bag.
他从包里掏出一本书和一本字典。
由此及彼
在“不定冠词+形容词+名词”结构中，如果两个形容词都有冠词形式，表示两种不同的东西；如果后一个形容词没有冠词修饰，则是指同一事物。
1 I bought a yellow and a blue sweater.
我买了一件黄色的毛衣和一件蓝色的毛衣。
2 He has a small cup and a big cup.
他有一个小杯子和一个大杯子。
3 There is a heavy box and a light box in the yard.
院子里有一个重箱子和一个轻箱子。
4 There was a black and white TV on the table.
桌上有一台黑白电视机。
5 He doesn't want to buy a red and yellow hat.
他不想买一顶红黄相间的帽子。
不定冠词位置
在名词词组里，不定冠词一般放在最前面。
1 A muscular young man is waiting for you．一个健壮的年轻人正在等你。
2 A fat woman was sitting on the chair under the tree.
一个胖女人正坐在树下的椅子上。
3 He found a little boy was lost and sent him home.
他发现一个小男孩迷路了，然后把他送回了家。
4 My sister is looking forward to a heavy snow.
我妹妹期望着一场大雪的到来。
5 Many people died after a big rainstorm last year.
去年，一场暴风雨后，很多人死了。
quite、rather与单数名词连用时，冠词可以放在其前，也可以放在其后。
1 My father used to be a quite skilled worker.（语气较弱）
我爸爸曾经是一名很熟练的工人。
2 My father used to be quite a skilled worker.（语气较强）
我爸爸曾经是一名相当熟练的工人。
3 The beautiful woman there is quite a notable actress.
那边那个漂亮的女人是一个相当著名的女演员。
4 It's quite a shock to see him in America．在美国见到他真是太震惊了。
5 To me, he is a quite clever boy．在我看来，他是一个很聪明的男孩。
与many、what、such等一起修饰名词时，位于这些形容词之后。
1 We all know she is such an idiot．我们都知道她是个笨蛋。
2 Many a student passes the math exam．很多学生都通过了数学考试。
3 It's my first time to see such a beautiful scene.
这是我第一次见到这么美丽的风景。
4 He missed the last bus yesterday. What a pity!
他错过了昨晚的末班车。真是遗憾！
5 Many a friend advises him to give up his job.
很多朋友都劝他放弃他的工作。
当名词前的形容词被副词as、so、how、too、enough、however修饰时，不定冠词应放在形容词之后，名词之前。
1 How large a house did he buy？ 他买的是多大的房子？
2 It is so busy a day as he has ever had．他从没有过这么忙的一天。
3 I have never seen so big a tomato in the past.
我过去从没有见过这么大的西红柿。
4 In my opinion, it's too important a question for these students.
我认为，这个问题对这些学生们来说很重要。
表示时间、数量和距离的名词前有half修饰时，不定冠词可以放在half与名词之间，也可放在half与名词的前面。
1 She has been practicing yoga for half a year．她练习瑜伽已经半年了。
2 He stayed here for a half hour and then left.
他在这待了半个小时，然后离开了。
3 I haven't seen my girlfriend for half a month.
我已经半个月没有见到我的女朋友了。
4 It has been raining for half a month．雨已经持续下了半个月了。
5 A half apple was wasted by the children．半个苹果都被孩子们浪费掉了。
定冠词：你知我知，分辨识别
定冠词the表示特指
指谈话双方均知道的人或事物。
1 Open the door, please．请打开门。
2 Would you mind passing me the sugar, please？
可以请你把糖递给我吗？
3 Where did you put the book I bought yesterday？
昨天我买的书，你放哪里了？
4 The girl who was late this morning was dismissed.
今天早上迟到的那个女孩被解雇了。
5 The restaurant they always went to was shut up last week.
他们经常去的那个餐馆上周停业了。
谈话时初次提及某人或某物，用不定冠词a/an来修饰，再次提及时，用定冠词the来修饰。
1 He had an expensive watch. But the watch was lost yesterday.
他有一块昂贵的手表，但是昨天弄丢了。
2 My mother bought me a skirt; the skirt was blue.
妈妈给我买了一条裙子，是蓝色的。
3 There is a teacher in the classroom; the teacher comes from England.
教室里有一个老师，他来自英国。
4 We saved a girl in the forest; the girl is my boss's daughter.
我们在森林里救了一个女孩，那个女孩是我老板的女儿。
5 My boyfriend gave me a second-hand cellphone; the cellphone was made
in the U.S.A．我的男朋友给了我一个二手手机，它是美国生产的。
定冠词the用于单复数名词之前
用在世界上独一无二的事物名称前。
1 The sun is far away from the earth．太阳距离地球很远。
2 He wants to visit the Great Wall in China．他想去参观中国的长城。
3 Do you see that the moon is rather bright tonight？
你看到了吗？今晚的月亮尤为明亮。
4 Every one should protect the earth．每个人都应该保护地球。
5 The Pacific Ocean is said to be the biggest one in the world.
据说太平洋是世界上最大的海洋。
用在度量单位前，表示“每一”。
1 These workers are paid by the month．这些工人是按月领工资的。
2 The shopkeeper told us the rope is sold by the metre.
店员告诉我们，绳子是按米出售的。
3 Generally speaking, the tea is sold by the gram.
一般来讲，茶叶是按克出售的。
4 The length of the table is measured by the centimetres.
桌子的长度是按厘米测量的。
5 The house in the small town is let out by the month.
小镇上的这座房子是按月出租的。
用在表示方向、位置的名词前。
1 The thief ran to the west．那个贼往西边跑了。
2 Walk towards the east and you will find the forest.
一直朝东走，你就能发现那片森林。
3 My hometown lies in the south of China.
我的家乡在中国的南方。
4 They live a happy life in the north.
他们在北方过着幸福的生活。
5 Stand in the centre of hall and look up.
站在大厅的中间，并且抬头看。
用在年代、朝代的名词前。
1 The old man was born in the 1920s．那位老人出生在20世纪20年代。
2 My grandmother suffered from the disease in the 1930s.
我奶奶在20世纪30年代的时候得了这个病。
3 The vase was made in the Ming dynasty．这个花瓶是明朝时期制作的。
4 The couple knew each other in the 2010s.
这对夫妇是在21世纪10年代时互相认识的。
5 It can be dated back to the Qing dynasty．这可以追溯到清朝。
用在姓氏的复数名词前，表示一家人或者夫妻两个。
1 The Smiths have been living in China for 15 years.
史密斯一家在中国已经生活了15年。
2 The Greens went to Italy last week．格林一家上周去意大利了。
3 The Blacks were unwilling to move their house．布莱克一家不愿意搬家。
4 The Johnsons were weeding the fields a whole day.
约翰逊一家一整天都在除草。
5 The Smiths both work in the book store．史密斯夫妇都在书店里工作。
用在表示乐器的名词前。
1 Her daughter is reluctant to play the piano．她女儿不愿意弹钢琴。
2 I learned to play the guitar when I was eight．我8岁时就开始学习弹吉他了。
3 It's boring to learn to play the violin．学习小提琴太枯燥了。
4 Can you teach me how to play the piano？ 你能教我弹钢琴吗？
5 The girl was playing the cello on the stage．那名女孩正在舞台上拉大提琴。
用在由普通名词构成的专有名词前。
1 the Red Sea 红海
2 the Suez Canal 苏伊士运河
3 the Museum of Chinese History 中国历史博物馆
4 the Great Wall 长城
5 the October Revolution 十月革命
6 the United Nations(UN)联合国
7 the United States 美国
由此及彼
有些由普通名词构成的专有名词前，不加冠词。例如：
公园名：Beihai Park 北海公园
Hyde Park 海德公园
大学名：Peking University 北京大学
广场名：Tian'anmen Square 天安门广场
街道名：Nanjing Road 南京路
Jiefang Street 解放街
用在一些习惯用语中。
1 all the same 一样
2 in the end 最后
3 in the morning 在早上，在上午
4 by the way 顺便说
由此及彼
school、hospital、prison、college、market、bed、table、class、town、church、court 等个体名词，可以不用定冠词修饰，而直接置于介词后；也可以用定冠词修饰，二者含义不同。例如：
定冠词the用于形容词之前
与形容词或分词形容词连用，表示复数意义的某一类人或事物。
1 the poor 穷人
2 the young 年轻人
3 the disabled 残疾人
4 the rich 富人
5 the old 老人
用在形容词最高级之前。
1 He is the tallest man in China．他是中国最高的人。
2 She is the most beautiful girl in the city．她是这个城市最漂亮的女孩。
3 I got the biggest orange, while my brother got the smallest one.
我拿到了最大的桔子，我弟弟却拿到了最小的。
4 My deskmate is the shortest one in the class．我同桌是班上最矮的人。
5 Fortunately, he bought the ticket for the earliest train.
幸运的是，他买到了最早一班的火车票。
用在表示序数的形容词之前。
1 I am the first one who obtained the visa．我是第一个获得签证的人。
2 The first one will be rewarded huge salaries.
第一名将会得到高额的薪水。
3 The singer was the first to come to the theatre.
这位歌星是第一个到达剧院的人。
4 I am the latest to leave the school every day．每天我都是最晚离开学校的人。
5 The runner was the third to reach the finishing line.
这个赛跑运动员是第三个到达终点的人。
由此及彼
在特定情况下，序数词也可以不用定冠词修饰。
A．序数词用作副词。
The girl came first in the race．那个女孩在比赛中得了第一名。
B．序数词前有物主代词修饰，例如：his first goal、my second time。
It's his third time to visit the museum．这是他第三次参观那个博物馆。
C．在固定词组中，例如：first of all、at first。
First of all, I didn't see your wallet．首先，我没有看见你的钱包。
At first, the girl didn't confess she made a mistake.
起初，女孩不承认自己犯错了。
用在表示民族、国籍的形容词前，表示整个民族。
1 The Chinese people are diligent, kind and friendly.
中国人民勤劳，善良，友好。
2 Mr. Brown said he was born in England but grew up in the United States.
布朗先生说自己出生在英国，却是在美国长大的。
3 The terrorist attack was a nightmare to the Americans.
那次恐怖袭击对于美国人民来说是一场噩梦。
用在形容词only、same、very等词之前，表示强调。
1 He is the only one who knows the secret．他是唯一知道这个秘密的人。
2 The twin sisters are in the same class．这对双胞胎姐妹在同一个班级。
3 The bold man singing in the room was the very person you want.
那个在屋里唱歌的秃顶男人就是你想找的人。
由此及彼
名词前如果有形容词修饰，定冠词通常位于该形容词之前。但是，如果名词前有限定词 both、all、half、double、twice 等词修饰，定冠词则须位于这些限定词之后、名词之前。
1 All the girls were crying．所有的女孩们都在哭。
2 Half the cake was eaten by them．他们吃掉了一半的蛋糕。
3 Both the men led a dog's life．这两个人都过着悲惨的生活。
零冠词：无冠词的名词形态
名词中的零冠词用法
泛指复数名词，表示一类人或事物时，可以不用定冠词。
1 All these people in the hall are writers.
大厅里的这些人都是作家。
2 The girl is busy picking flowers in the garden.
那个女孩正忙着在花园里摘花。
3 His favorite hobby is to collect stamps．他最大的爱好是集邮。
4 Teachers can enjoy two long vocations every year.
老师们每年可以享受两个长假。
5 Normally, men are stronger than women.
一般情况下，男人比女人强壮。
在称呼或表示官衔、职位的名词前不加任何冠词。
1 Miss Zhang died in a car accident．张小姐死于一场车祸。
2 Dr. Black fainted after performing the operation.
布莱克医生在做完手术后晕倒了。
3 Mr. Green said it was just a slip of tongue．格林先生说，那只是一次口误。
4 Manager White said he would answer for his action.
怀特经理说，他会对自己的行为负责的。
在三餐、球类运动和娱乐运动的名称前，不加冠词。
1 I am going to go fishing after lunch．我打算午饭后去钓鱼。
2 He always goes to work without breakfast．他总是不吃早饭就去上班。
3 It seems that the boy doesn't like playing football.
那个男孩似乎不喜欢踢足球。
4 It's raining, so we have to play basketball indoors.
外面下雨了，所以我们得在室内打篮球。
5 Bungee Jumping is rather exciting for those young people.
对于那些年轻人来说，蹦极很刺激。
国名、人名、地名、月份、星期、日期、季节前通常用零冠词。
1 He met across an old friend in America．他在美国偶然遇到了一位老朋友。
2 Jane was fired last week．简上周被解雇了。
3 They are discussing whether to go to Beijing．他们在讨论是否要去北京。
4 We will get married in October．我们10月份要结婚。
5 They got married on June lst．他们6月1日结婚了。
6 They have broken off their engagement in spring．他们在春天的时候离婚了。
由此及彼
A．中国的传统节日（通常是以农历时间为准）名词前，要加定冠词：
the Dragon Boat Festival 端午节
the Tomb-sweeping Day 清明节
the Spring Festival 春节
B．西方约定俗成的节日名词前，通常不加冠词：
Halloween 万圣节
Christmas 圣诞节
Thanksgiving 感恩节
Valentine's Day 情人节
抽象名词表示一般概念时，通常不加冠词。
1 Failure is the mother of success．失败是成功之母。
2 I am wondering why you are always full of energy.
我想知道你为什么总是充满活力。
3 It's fun to watch the kites flying in the sky．看着风筝在天上飞，真的很开心。
4 Time is valuable; you had better make full use of it.
时间是宝贵的，你最好充分利用它。
5 He was interested in music when he was a child.
他很小的时候就对音乐感兴趣。
物质名词表示一般概念时，通常不加冠词。
1 We can't live without air and water．没有空气和水，我们无法生存。
2 Gas is light and you can't touch it．气体很轻，你摸不到。
3 Smoke from the factory is smelly．从工厂散发出来的烟很难闻。
4 It's known to all that oil easily catches fire．众所周知，油容易着火。
5 My sister prefers tea to coffee．比起咖啡来，我妹妹更喜欢喝茶
两个或两个以上名词并用时，常省去冠词。
1 We had no book or pen in January.
一月份的时候，我们没有书，也没有笔。
2 To my disappointed, my parents didn't buy me toy or book.
让我失望的是，父母没有给我买玩具和书。
在一些固定搭配中不用冠词
by与交通工具连用表示出行方式时，不加任何冠词。
1 by bus 坐公交
2 by sea 乘船
3 by bike 骑自行车
4 by train 坐火车
5 by car 坐汽车
与go 相关的一些词组。
1 go home 回家
2 go swimming 去游泳
3 go fishing 去钓鱼
4 go shopping 去购物
一些名词词组。
1 day by day 一天又一天
2 day and night 日日夜夜
一些介词词组。
1 in time 及时
2 on foot 步行
3 at night 在晚上
4 in surprise 惊奇地
考题荟萃
1. It is so busy ____________ day as I have ever had.
A. the
B. an
C. a
D. /
2. ___________ great many tourists came to the town.
A. A
B. An
C. /
D. The
3. Her aunt is ___________ writer and ___________ teacher.
A. a; /
B. a; a
C. the; the
D. a; the
4. There is ___________ umbrella on the table.
A. a
B. an
C. /
D. the
5. You should finish the paper in ___________ hour.
A. /
B. the
C. an
D. a
6.___________ moon moves round ___________ earth.
A. The; the
B. The; an
C. A; the
D. A; an
7.___________ West Lake is in __________ Zhejiang Province.
A. The; a
B. A; the
C. /; the
D. The; /
8. The workers were paid by ___________ week.
A. /
B. the
C. an
D. a
9. We should try our best to help ____________ disabled.
A. the
B. /
C. a
D. an
10. Health should be ___________ most important.
A. an
B. a
C. the
D. /
11. I wonder if there is any secret of ___________ success.
A. /
B. the
C. a
D. an
12. He did not have ___________ lunch yesterday.
A. the
B. an
C. /
D. a
答案：
1. C 2. A 3. A 4. B 5. C 6. A 7. D 8. B 9. A 10. C 11. A 12. C