第二节 真题分析
一、雅思阅读真题分析20例
Example 1
真题回放:Down the centuries, thousands of wells were constructed throughout northwestern India, but the majority have now fallen into disuse; many are derelict and dry, as groundwater has been diverted for industrial use and the wells no longer reach the water table. (剑10阅读)
译文:几百年来,印度西北部建造了数千个水井,但大多数已经不用了;许多井都废弃干涸了,因为地下水被用于工业生产,这些井已经达不到地下水位了。
语法破解:分号前是由but连接的两个简单句组成的并列句,but前面句子中的were constructed是被动语态的一般过去时。分号后是一个主从复合句,as引导的是原因状语从句,该从句中的has been diverted是被动语态的现在完成时。
Example 2
真题回放:If your project is being resisted, for example, by a group of veteran employees, ask another old-timer to speak up for it. (剑10阅读)
译文:例如,如果你的项目正在受到一群资深的员工的反对,那么你应该请另一位更资深的前辈来为它说话。
语法破解:这是一个主从复合句。If引导的是条件状语从句,该从句中的is being resisted是被动语态的现在进行时。
Example 3
真题回放:Some were located in or near villages as public spaces for the community; others were positioned beside roads as resting places for travelers. (剑10阅读)
译文:一些(阶梯水井)位于村庄之内或村庄附近的社区公共空间中;另一些位于路边,作为旅行者休息的地方。
语法破解:这是由分号连接的两个简单句组成的并列句,were located和were positioned都是被动语态的一般过去时。
Example 4
真题回放:This is where most people are impeded from being an iconoclast. (剑9阅读)
译文:这也使得大多数人没有成为反传统的人。
语法破解:这是一个主从复合句。where引导的是表语从句,该从句中的are impeded from是被动语态的一般现在时。
Example 5
真题回放:Groundwater aquifers are being pumped down faster than they are naturally replenished in parts of India, China, the USA and elsewhere. (剑7阅读)
译文:在印度、中国、美国的部分地区和其他地区,地表含水层正在快速下降,其速度已超过自身补充水的速度。
语法破解:这是一个主从复合句。主句中的are being pumped down是被动语态的现在进行时;than引导的是比较状语从句,are…replenished是被动语态的一般现在时。
Example 6
真题回放:Unusual incidents are being reported across the Arctic. (剑6阅读)
译文:据报道,北极圈附近发生些不同寻常的事件。
语法破解:这是一个简单句,are being reported是被动语态的现在进行时。
Example 7
真题回放:The best information on early population movements is now being obtained from the ‘archaeology of the living body', the clues to be found in genetic material. (剑7阅读)
译文:目前,关于早期人类迁移的最佳信息来源于“生命考古”,一些线索在遗传物质中被发现。
语法破解:这是一个简单句,is…being obtained是被动语态的现在进行时,to be found是不定式的被动语态作后置定语。
Example 8
真题回放:But the life of the modern world has been recorded on film in massive, encyclopaedic detail. (剑6阅读)
译文:但现实的生活却被大量地、犹如百科全书般详细地记录在胶片里。
语法破解:这是一个简单句,has been recorded是被动语态的现在完成时。
Example 9
真题回放:Pupils, parents and staff should feel they have been involved in the policy, which needs to be disseminated and implemented effectively. (剑6阅读)
译文:应当让学生、家长和教职员工感到自己也参与了政策制定,这些政策需要被有效地传播和实施。
语法破解:这是一个多重主从复合句。feel后面是省略了引导词that的宾语从句,该从句中的have been involved是被动语态的现在完成时;该宾语从句中又包含一个由which引导的非限制性定语从句,修饰the policy, to be disseminated and implemented是不定式的被动语态,作动词needs的宾语。
Example 10
真题回放:Originally these were conceived as short stories—early producers doubted the ability of audiences to concentrate for more than the length of a reel. (剑6阅读)
译文:起初,这些被构思成短小的故事——早期的电影制作人不确定观众能否集中精力看更长的电影。
语法破解:这是由破折号连接的两个简单句组成的并列句,破折号前面句子中的were conceived是被动语态的一般过去时。
Example 11
真题回放:Today, following years of neglect, many of these monuments to medieval enginering have been saved by the Archaeological Survey of India, which has recognised the importance of preserving them as part of the country's rich history. (剑10阅读)
译文:如今,被忽视了多年后,很多这些中世纪工程的古迹已经被印度考古调查所加以保护,该机构已经承认了保存它们的重要性,把它们视作该国丰富历史的一部分。
语法破解:这是一个主从复合句。主句中的have been saved是被动语态的现在完成时;which引导的是非限制性定语从句,修饰the Archaeological Survey of India。
Example 12
真题回放:As the fire continued to rage, the National Trust's conservators were being mobilised, and that evening local stationers were especially opened to provide the bulk supplies of blotting paper so desperately needed in the salvage operation. (剑9阅读)
译文:随着火势继续蔓延开来,国民托管组织的管理员也被动员起来,当晚,当地的文具店也特地开门营业,以提供抢救文物所大量急需的吸墨纸。
语法破解:and前是一个主从复合句,As引导的是原因状语从句,主句中的were being mobilised是被动语态的过去进行时。and后是一个简单句,were…opened是被动语态的一般过去时。
Example 13
真题回放:However, the improved paths impressed the inhabitants, and requests for assistance greatly increased soon after only a few improvements had been completed. (剑7阅读)
译文:然而,当地居民对改善后的路况很满意。因此,刚完成几项改进,就有更多人提出了协助请求。
语法破解:and前是一个简单句。and后是一个主从复合句;soon after引导的是时间状语从句,该从句中的had been completed是被动语态的过去完成时。
Example 14
真题回放:It should be noted that the two groups of children had been carefully matched by the investigators so that they were comparable in age, ethnicity, race, and social class. (剑7阅读)
译文:有一点需要说明的是,两组孩子都是经过研究人员精心匹配的,他们在年龄、种族划分、种族特征和社会阶层方面都具有可比性。
语法破解:这是一个多重主从复合句。It是形式主语,主句中的should be noted是被动语态的一般过去将来时。that引导的是主语从句,该从句中的had been…matched是被动语态的过去完成时;该主语从句中又包含一个由so that引导的目的状语从句。
Example 15
真题回放:With the Cooperative Research Centre for Micro Technology in Melbourne, they are developing unobtrusive sensors that will be embedded in an athlete's clothes or running shoes to monitor heart rate, sweating, heat production or any other factor that might have an impact on an athlete's ability to run. (剑6阅读)
译文:与墨尔本的微型技术中心合作,他们正在开发可以装在运动员衣服或跑鞋里的微型传感器,来监控心率、排汗、体热或是任何其他对运动员的奔跑能力可能有影响的因素。
语法破解:这是一个多重主从复合句。第一个that引导的是定语从句,修饰unobtrusive sensors,该从句中的will be embedded是被动语态的一般将来时;该定语从句中又包含一个由that引导的定语从句,修饰any other factor。
Example 16
真题回放:The fishermen know the approximate time of year when they will be allowed to fish, but on any given day, one or more field biologists in a particular area can put a halt to fishing. (剑7阅读)
译文:渔夫们知道每年开放捕鱼的大概时间。但是在任何特定一天,某一特定领域的一名或多名野外生物学家都可以发布禁渔令。
语法破解:but前是一个主从复合句;when引导的是定语从句,修饰the approximate time of year,该从句中的will be allowed是被动语态的一般将来时。but后是一个简单句。
Example 17
真题回放:The underlying assumption was that the time saved would be used instead for activities that would improve the social and economic development of the communities. (剑7阅读)
译文:(该理念的)潜在假设就是把节省下来的时间用来开展能够促进当地社会和经济发展的活动。
语法破解:这是一个多重主从复合句。第一个that引导的是表语从句,该从句中的would be used是被动语态的一般过去将来时;该表语从句中又包含一个由that引导的定语从句,修饰activities。
Example 18
真题回放:In good meteorological conditions, flying would be permitted under Visual Flight Rules (VFR), which suggests a strong reliance on visual cues to maintain an acceptable level of safety. (剑8阅读)
译文:在气象条件良好的情况下,飞行员可以按照目视飞行规则(VFR)飞行,该规则主要依靠视觉线索来维持可接受的安全水平。
语法破解:这是一个主从复合句。主句中的would be permitted是被动语态的一般过去将来时;which引导的是非限制性定语从句,修饰Visual Flight Rules (VFR)。
Example 19
真题回放:The mirror would be protected by placing lightning conductors close by. (剑8阅读)
译文:要在靠近镜子的四周布置闪电传导器,从而对其进行保护。
语法破解:这是一个简单句,would be protected是被动语态的一般过去将来时。
Example 20
真题回放:As would have been predicted by Robert Williams's work, all three groups appear to be descended from the same ancestral (Paleo-Indian ) population. (剑7阅读)
译文:就如罗伯特·威廉姆斯的著作所预示的那样,这三组人其实源于相同的祖先(古印第安人)。
语法破解:这是一个主从复合句,As引导的是非限制性定语从句,would have been predicted是被动语态的过去将来完成时。
二、雅思听力真题分析20例
Example 1
真题回放:Even though many of his theories have been disproven, he certainly left a lasting impression on many disciplines. (剑10听力)
译文:尽管他的很多理论都被推翻了,但他无疑会对很多学科留下长久的影响。
语法破解:这是一个主从复合句。Even though引导的是让步状语从句,have been disproven是被动语态的现在完成时。
Example 2
真题回放:Sadly, in the twentieth century, the great port of Manham declined, and thousands of workers were forced to emigrate out of the area. (剑10听力)
译文:遗憾的是,在20世纪,Manham的最大港口已经衰落,成千上万的工人被迫从这个地区移民国外。
语法破解:这是由and连接的两个简单句组成的并列句,and后面句子中的were forced是被动语态的一般过去时。
Example 3
真题回放:The carbon dioxide is sent back to the cylinder and can be used again and again. (剑10听力)
译文:二氧化碳被送回气缸,并且能够被反复使用。
语法破解:这是一个含有并列谓语的简单句,is sent back是被动语态的一般现在时,can be used是情态动词后加被动式。
Example 4
真题回放:As well as that, a whole section of the third floor is devoted to sports bags, including the latest designs from the States. (剑9听力)
译文:还有,整个三层专卖运动包,包括来自美国的最新款式。
语法破解:这是一个简单句,is devoted to是被动语态的一般现在时。
Example 5
真题回放:The only one closed down last year, and it's now in the process of being converted into a film museum. (剑8听力)
译文:唯一的一家(电影院)去年关闭了,目前正在被改建成电影博物馆。
语法破解:这是由and连接的两个简单句组成的并列句,and后面句子中的is…being converted into是被动语态的现在进行时。
Example 6
真题回放:They'll inform the careers office once a placement has been agreed, so you don't have to do that. (剑10听力)
译文:一旦有职位空缺,他们就会告知职业办公室,所以你不需要做那件事。
语法破解:so前面是一个主从复合句;once引导的是时间状语从句,has been agreed是被动语态的现在完成时。so后面是一个简单句。so前后的句子是因果关系。
Example 7
真题回放:But this one hasn't been decorated for a few years, which has kept the rent down a bit. (剑8听力)
译文:但这一栋房子已经多年没有被装修过了,所以出租价格比较低。
语法破解:这是一个主从复合句。主句中的hasn't been decorated是被动语态的现在完成时;which引导的是非限制性定语从句,修饰前面的整个句子。
Example 8
真题回放:But you can see the centre's main attraction at the weekend, because on Saturday and Sunday, 11 am to 10 pm, they're showing a wonderful new exhibition that hasn't been seen anywhere else in Europe yet. (剑8听力)
译文:但你们可以在周末观看中心的主要活动,因为在周六和周日的早上11点到晚上10点,他们要举办新一轮精彩的展览,这在欧洲的其他地方尚未出现过。
语法破解:这是一个多重主从复合句。because引导的是原因状语从句;该从句中又包含一个由that引导的定语从句,修饰a wonderful new exhibition,该定语从句中的hasn't been seen是被动语态的现在完成时。
Example 9
真题回放:There was one post for a cook, but that's already been taken. (剑8听力)
译文:原本有一个厨师的职位,但现在已经有人选了。
语法破解:这是由but连接的两个简单句组成的并列句,but后面句子中的has…been taken是被动语态的现在完成时。
Example 10
真题回放:And in some cases, regulation will need to be strengthened. (剑10听力)
译文:在一些情况下,监管有待加强。
语法破解:这是一个简单句,to be strengthened是不定式的被动语态,作will need的宾语。
Example 11
真题回放:Children's evening activities usually finish at 9:30, or occasionally 10, and from 10:30 holiday-makers are expected to be quiet in the areas where there are tents. (剑7听力)
译文:孩子们的晚间活动通常在9点半结束,或者偶尔在10点,从10点半开始,度假者们都被要求在他们宿营的地区保持安静。
语法破解:and前是一个简单句。and后是一个主从复合句,主句中的are expected是被动语态的一般现在时;where引导的是定语从句,修饰the areas。
Example 12
真题回放:The idea of building a public park here was first discussed when a property developer proposed a high-rise housing development, but the local community wasn't happy. (剑7听力)
译文:有一个房地产开发商要建超高层的楼,这是在这儿建造公园的想法第一次被讨论,但是当地的居民不愿意。
语法破解:but前是一个主从复合句,主句中的was…discussed是被动语态的一般过去时;when引导的是时间状语从句。but后是一个简单句。
Example 13
真题回放:If the land was to be cleaned up, they wanted to use the site for recreation. (剑7听力)
译文:如果土地将被清理,他们希望把这个地方用作娱乐。
语法破解:这是一个主从复合句。If引导的是条件状语从句,该从句中的was to be cleaned up是被动语态的一般过去将来时。
Example 14
真题回放:And I will just stress that all tax forms must be completed and returned to Anne before your pay can be processed. (剑6听力)
译文:我仅仅要强调的是,所有的税务表格必须填完并返回给安妮,然后就可以给你发工资了。
语法破解:这是一个多重主从复合句。that引导的是宾语从句;该宾语从句本身又是一个主从复合句,主句中的must be completed and returned是情态动词后加被动式;before引导的是时间状语从句,该从句中的can be processed也是情态动词后加被动式。
Example 15
真题回放:A ‘keep clear' sign will be erected at the junction of Evelyn Street and Hill Street, to enable traffic to exit at all times. (剑8听力)
译文:在伊夫林街和希尔街的交界处会竖一块“保持畅通”的标牌,确保车辆可以随时驶出。
语法破解:这是一个简单句,will be erected是被动语态的一般将来时。
Example 16
真题回放:Now for meetings, we're going to use the clubhouse in King's Park, and the next meeting will be held in the clubhouse on the 2nd of July. (剑5听力)
译文:现在的会议,我们要使用国王公园的会所,而下一次会议将于7月2日在该会所举行。
语法破解:这是由and连接的两个简单句组成的并列句,and后面句子中的will be held是被动语态的一般将来时。
Example 17
真题回放:This cot was slightly different in that, although the side bar did not drop down, the base could be raised or lowered into two different positions making it safe as well as convenient. (剑5听力)
译文:这个小床稍有不同,因为,虽然侧杆没有放下来,但底座可以升高或降低到两个不同的位置,使其既安全又方便。
语法破解:这是一个多重主从复合句。in that引导的是原因状语从句;该从句本身又是一个主从复合句,although引导的是让步状语从句;主句中的could be raised or lowered是情态动词后加被动式。
Example 18
真题回放:But the poor and needy were attracted by the possibility of work, and they had to be housed. (剑6听力)
译文:但是穷人被工作机会所吸引,并且他们不得不被安置。
语法破解:这是由and连接的两个简单句组成的并列句。and前面句子中的were attracted是被动语态的一般过去时,and后面句子中的had to be housed是情态动词后加被动式。
Example 19
真题回放:When we were being shown how to edit the film, we had to follow the instructions. (剑5听力)
译文:我们看过如何剪辑影片后,就不得不按照规定来做。
语法破解:这是一个主从复合句。When引导的是时间状语从句,该从句中的were being shown是被动语态的过去进行时。
Example 20
真题回放:It means that they can only make corrections much later…and often the damage has been done by then. (剑7听力)
译文:这意味着他们只能更晚做出补救,通常那时丢分已经发生了。
语法破解:and前是一个主从复合句,means是半系动词,that引导的是表语从句。and后是一个简单句,has been done是被动语态的现在完成时。
三、雅思写作和口语中的被动语态
被动语态是英文和中文的一个显著区别。因此,为了使我们的写作和口语的表达体现语法的本土性,平时在学习的过程中就要重视被动语态,以体现我们英文语法的准确性和丰富性,满足写作和口语评分标准中对语法的要求。
在雅思写作和口语中,以下几种情况常用被动语态。
1. 强调动作的承受者
例句①:A man is not finished when he is defeated. He is finished when he quits.
——Richard Nixon
译文:当一个人失败的时候,他还没有完;而当他放弃的时候,他才是完了。
——理查德·尼克松
点评:这是尼克松的名言,该句在汉语里没有一个“被”字,但该句强调的是动作的承受者(A man),所以用被动语态。
例句②:As towns gradually expanded, water was brought from increasingly remote sources.
译文:随着城镇规模的不断扩大,水被从越来越遥远的源头运输过来。
点评:这是一个主从复合句。主句是被动语态,谓语是was brought,强调的是动作的承受者(water)。
例句③:In many parts of the world, children are often required to concentrate on their study both in and after school.
译文:在世界的许多地方,无论是在校内还是校外,孩子们经常需要集中精力学习。
点评:这是一个简单句,语态是被动语态,谓语是are…required,强调的是动作的承受者(children)。
2. 动作的执行者是无生命的事物
例句①:Despite some drawbacks might be produced, I tend to believe this trend brings more benefits to children and their parents.
译文:尽管可能会有一些弊端,我倾向于相信这一趋势会给儿童和他们的父母带来更多的好处。
点评:这是一个主从复合句。Despite引导的是让步状语从句,might be produced是情态动词后加被动式,表示动作的执行者是无生命的事物(this trend)。
例句②:A greater number of magic English books will be published by the company next year.
译文:明年将有更多的魔法英语书由那个公司出版。
点评:这是一个简单句,语态是被动语态,谓语是will be published,表示动作的执行者是无生命的事物(the company)。
3. 不知道或不必说出动作的执行者
例句①:But in cinema, the real, objective flow of time was captured.
译文:但在电影院里,时间真实而客观的流逝可以被捕捉到。
点评:这是一个简单句,语态是被动语态,谓语是was captured,表示不知道或不必说出动作的执行者。
例句②:From the data it can be concluded that men and women had different time schedule on web activities.
译文:从数据中可以看出,男性和女性在网络活动方面有着不同的时间安排。
点评:这是一个主从复合句。主句中的can be concluded是情态动词后加被动式,表示不知道或不必说出动作的执行者。
4. 出于修辞的需要
在雅思写作和口语中,出于修辞的需要,有时使用被动语态可以使句子更加简练、匀称。
例句①:He appeared on the stage and was warmly applauded by the audience.
译文:他出现在舞台上,受到了观众热烈的欢迎。
点评:这是一个含有并列谓语的简单句,主语是He,两个谓语分别是appeared和was…applauded。
例句②:The old professor gave a lecture on American history and was well received.
译文:这位老教授作了一个有关美国历史的讲座,受到大家的热烈欢迎。
点评:这是一个含有并列谓语的简单句,主语是The old professor,两个谓语分别是gave和was…received。
例句③:I was shown around the school campus by Sean, who had entered the school just a year before.
译文:肖恩带我参观了校园,他去年刚进这所学校。
点评:这是一个主从复合句。主句是被动语态,谓语是was shown;who引导的是非限制性定语从句,修饰Sean。