《黄帝内经》和《希波克拉底文集》女性身体观比较研究

杨李琼^[1]

摘要 《黄帝内经》和《希波克拉底文集》是中西医学经典，其中有很多关于女性身体的论述。本文将在前人研究成果的基础上，从以下三方面对二者的女性身体观进行比较研究：对女性身体的书写、对女性身体的界定和作为母体的女性身体。首先，关于女性身体的书写，本文将从书写者、检查者、目标受众和书写风格四方面进行比较。其次，关于女性身体的界定，本文将从历时性、月经、躯体、疾病中男女身体的殊同、性交中的两性身体和女体的美容六方面进行比较。最后，关于作为母体的女体，本文将从合格的母体、子宫和生命的诞生、胎儿性别的决定因素、如何判断是否怀孕和胎儿性别四方面进行比较。我们可以发现，首先，《黄帝内经》中的女性身体是“黄帝身体”，而《希波克拉底文集》中的身体观并不能简单地用“单性身体”来概括。其次，《希波克拉底文集》中关于女性身体的描述是基于经验观察，而《黄帝内经》中的女性身体是以阴阳、经络和气理为基础的身体。最后，这两部经典中关于女性身体的写作风格和对女性身体的理解受到性别视角的深刻影响。在此基础上，本文认为，这些异同与相关时代背景、文化特征和医学视角密切相关。

关键词 《黄帝内经》 《希波克拉底文集》 女性身体观

Abstract Inner Canon of the Yellow Emperor and Hippocratic Corpus are classical Chinese and Greek medicals works，that feature a multitude of discussions on the female body. Based on past research，this article will compare the concepts of the female body from following three aspects：the subject of the female body，the definition of the female body，and the female body as the body of a mother. Firstly，regarding the subject of the female body，I will compare the writers，the people who examine the body，target audiences and writing styles. Secondly，on the definition of the female body，I will examine the male and female bodies from the following six aspects：the body in the physical development cycle，menstruation，the physical body，a diseased body，the body in sexual intercourse and the beauty of a female body. Finally，regarding the female body as the body of a mother，I will compare the following four aspects：what qualifies a body to be a mother，womb and the birth of life，determinants of the baby’s sex，and how to determine whether the women is pregnant. Then，we will look at，firstly，the female body in Inner Canon of the Yellow Emperor is “Yellow Emperor’s body”，but the body in Hippocratic Corpus is not “Uni-sexual body”. Secondly，compared to the description of the physical body based on the observation in Hippocratic Corpus，the physical body in Inner Canon of the Yellow Emperor is still a body based on Yin and Yang，Meridians，and Qi theory. Thirdly，the writing style and the understanding of the female body in these two classics have been deeply influenced by a gender perspective. The article will conclude that the similarities and differences are closely related to the relative era background，cultural characteristics and medical perspective.

Key words Inner Canon of the Yellow Emperor Hippocratic Corpus the concept of female body

作为中国和希腊医学经典，《黄帝内经》和《希波克拉底文集》一直备受传统医学史研究者重视。目前，有不少关于其身体观的专著，也有学者对二者身体观进行了比较研究，笔者认为，可以更深入细致地比较二者的女性身体观。本文将在回顾研究现状的基础上，从对女性身体的书写、对女性身体的界定和作为母体的女性身体三个方面进行比较研究。