三、 副词的位置
①副词置于所修饰的形容词、其他副词和名词短语之前(如 pretty good、very well、quite a shock)。
②修饰动词或表示方式、时间和地点的副词,在句中有多个不同位置。
1. 句首(置于主语之前)
◇ Last night my friends Dwight and Lee snored loudly.
= My friends Dwight and Lee snored loudly last night.
我的朋友杜威特和李昨晚鼾声大作。
时间副词可置于句首,也可以置于句尾。
◇ Out of the open window flew that big bat. 那只大蝙蝠飞出了窗外。
地点副词后接表示运动或位置的动词时,是倒装结构,动词置于主语之前(flew+that big bat)。请参见 p.351<3.用倒装句来作强调>中的第7点。
◇ Clearly, Sue did not know what I was trying to do.显然,苏不知道我打算做什么。
句副词(clearly、frankly、honestly 等)常置于句首,并用逗号与句子其他部分分开。
◇ Frankly, I don’t care about what she thinks of me. 坦率说,我不在乎她对我有什么看法。
Frankly 是句副词,置于句首,用逗号分开,意思是“坦率说”,修饰后面整个句子。
= I don’t care about what she thinks of me, frankly.
句副词也可以放在句尾,要用逗号分开。
提示
一些副词或副词短语用来表示说话人对某种行为的态度。这类副词被视为是句副词(sentence adverb)或分离副词(disjunct adverb),常置于句首,用来修饰后面的整个句子,并用逗号与句子其他部分分开。
after all 归根结底
assuredly 确实地
clearly 显然地
in any event 无论如何
in brief 总之
in fact 事实上
in short 总之
of course 当然
on the whole 总的来说
to be sure 无可否认
to tell the truth 说实话
without doubt 毫无疑问
2. 句中(靠近谓语动词)
❶ 表示不确定的频率副词常置于句中(如always、often、seldom、sometimes、never 等)。置于句中的副词除了不确定的频率副词外,还有以下一些副词。
almost 几乎
already 已经
certainly 必定
definitely 确切地
even 甚至
finally 终于
hardly 几乎不
just 仅仅
nearly 几乎
now 现在
only 仅仅
probably 很可能
quite 相当
really 真正地
still 仍然
suddenly 突然
◇ Ms.Ridge taught English by speaking to us in any other language hardly ever.
Ms.Ridge taught English by hardly ever speaking to us in any other language.
瑞吉女士教我们英语,几乎从不用其他任何语言跟我们讲话。
hardly ever 或 never 不用于后位,要置于句中,动词之前。
❷ 这类副词置于谓语动词之前或置于 be 动词之后。
◇ Amy and Lily go often camping with me.
Amy and Lily often go camping with me. 艾咪和莉莉常跟我一起去野营。
不确定频率副词 always、often 等要置于谓语动词之前(often go,always takes),而不是之后。
◇ Kate always takes a slow bus to ballet practice, so she is always late.凯特总是乘坐慢公交车去练习芭蕾舞,所以她老是迟到。
不确定频率副词 always、often 等置于系动词之后(is always)。
比较
◇ Kate often eats ice cream and doesn’t care about her weight.
= Kate eats ice cream quite often and doesn’t care about her weight.
凯特经常吃冰激凌,对体重不在乎。
often、rarely 置于后位时(动词之后),要与 very、quite 连用。否则,这类频率副词应该置于动词之前或 be 动词之后。
❸ 这类副词通常置于助动词(have)或情态动词(can、may、will 等)之后。
▶ 助动词/情态动词+副词+主要动词
◇ Clive will probably finish writing that report by five. 克莱夫很可能在5点之前写完那份报告。
◇ I have never been to Shanghai.
= Never have I been to Shanghai.
我从未去过上海。
表示否定意义的词位于句首,句子要倒装。
❹ 为了强调,这类副词可移到助动词和 be 动词之前(在口语中,需要把重音放在副词上面表示强调)。
◇ The Moon Cake Cafe is always full at noon on Sunday.
= The Moon Cake Cafe always is full at noon on Sunday. (强调)
星期天中午时分,“月饼咖啡店”总是很拥挤。
◇ Andy: Penny, you must have been told who’ll get the marketing manager position in our company.
Penny: No, I don’t really know.
= No, I really don’t know. (强调)
安迪:潘妮,肯定有人告诉过你,谁将得到我们公司市场经理的职位。
潘妮:没有人告诉我。我真不知道。
❺ still、sometimes、certainly、definitely、probably 等置于否定助动词之前,而不是之后。也可以置于句首,表示强调。
◇ I don’t certainly want to see Ben again.
I certainly don’t want to see Ben again. (否定助动词之前)
= Certainly I don’t want to see Ben again. (句首<强调>)
我肯定不想再见到本了。
◇ I still don’t understand why you chose to tell me that lie. (否定助动词之前)
我还是不明白,你为什么决定要对我说那个谎言。
比较
◇ The boss has not arrived yet. 老板还没有来。
完成时否定式,用 yet(置于句尾),不用 still。
❻ 程度副词强调“事件到什么程度”,通常用来修饰形容词和其他副词,因此,程度副词会放在“其修饰的形容词或副词前面”(即句中的位置)。
almost 几乎
extremely 非常
fairly 简直
extremely rich 非常富有 置于形容词前
drive really fast 开得真快 置于副词前
pretty 相当
quite 相当
rather 相当
really 实在
simply 简直
very 非常
◇ Dan is quite a perfect gentleman. 丹的确是一个完美的绅士。
置于名词短语(a gentleman)前。quite 如果遇到 a/an,必须放在a/an 的前面。
3. 句尾(置于宾语或补语之后)
❶ 副词 yet、a lot、any more、any longer、too、as well 常见的位置是句尾。
◇ I can’t any longer wait for him.
I can’t wait for him any longer. 我不能再等待他了。
◇ Lenore doesn’t work here any more. 蕾诺儿已经不在这里工作了。
❷ 表示确定的频率副词 daily、weekly、monthly、annually,置于句尾,不置于句首。
◇ Weekly Lee gets paid.
Lee gets paid weekly. 李每周领取报酬。
❸ 频率副词短语(如every day、every month 等)通常置于句尾或句首。
◇ Kay every weekday goes to work by subway.
Kay goes to work by subway every weekday.
Every weekday Kay goes to work by subway.
每个工作日,凯乘坐地铁去上班。
频率副词短语(如every weekday、every month 等)通常不置于主语(Kay)和谓语动词(goes)之间,而是置于句首或句尾。
4. 副词在疑问句中的位置
疑问句中,副词一般只能置于句中或句尾。
◇ Has Lily recovered completely?
=Has Lily completely recovered?
莉莉完全恢复健康没有?
5. 方式副词在句中的位置
❶ 方式副词通常要靠近所修饰的动词。
◇ Ann ran to catch up with the tall man at her fastest speed.
Ann ran at her fastest speed to catch up with the tall man.
To catch up with the tall man, Ann ran at her fastest speed.
为了赶上那个高个男子,安以最快的速度奔跑。
方式副词短语 at her fastest speed 要紧靠所修饰的动词 ran。
❷ 方式副词 well、badly、hard 等要置于句尾。
◇ I don’t remember Dell very well. (动词+宾语+very well)
我不太记得戴尔了。
◇ Ms.Card works very hard. (动词+hard)
卡德女士工作很勤奋。
❸ 许多方式副词短语可置于句中不同位置。
◇ Slowly and carefully, Kate opened the gate. (句首<为了强调>)
= Kate slowly and carefully opened the gate. (句中<置于动词前>)
= Kate opened the gate slowly and carefully. (句尾<置于“动词+宾语”之后>)
凯特小心翼翼地慢慢打开大门。