Unit6 副词
一、 副词的用法
副词是用来给句中所描述的行为或状态补充时间、方式、程度、条件和地点等方面的信息。
1. 副词的句法功能
1) 作状语
副词主要的功能是作状语,用来修饰动词、形容词、另一个副词、短语或整个句子。
◇ Trish is a good reader, and she is doing very well with both English and Spanish.翠西酷爱读书,她的英语和西班牙语都很优秀。
形容词 good 修饰名词 reader;副词 well 修饰动词 is doing,副词 very 修饰副词 well。
◇ Mary Bar bought a very expensive sports car.玛丽·巴尔买了一辆非常昂贵的跑车。
形容词 expensive 修饰名词 sports car;副词 very 修饰形容词 expensive。
◇ Last night Ed ate unusually fast. 昨晚埃德吃饭异乎寻常地快。
副词 fast 修饰动词 ate;副词 unusually 修饰副词 fast。
◇ Ann Gold believes almost everything she is told. Obviously, she needs to exercise her brain and quit believing in lies. 别人告诉安·戈尔德的事,她几乎全相信。显然,她需要多动脑筋,不要再相信谎言。
这句的 obviously 用来表示说话人对某种行为的态度,修饰后面的整个句子,意思是“显然地”。
2) 作主语补语(即表语)
一般来说,系动词后面接名词、形容词、介词短语等作主语补语(即表语),而不接副词,但少数副词(如 on、off、here、there 等)可以作主语补语,置于系动词后,表示主语的方位、方向或状态。
◇ Make sure the TV is off. 查看一下电视机是否已经关了。
◇ We are almost there. 我们快到那里了。
3) 作宾语补语
个别副词可以置于宾语后面作宾语补语。
◇ I’ve got two days off next week. 下周我有2天假。
◇ Please keep the outside lights on all night. 请让户外的灯整夜都亮着。
4) 作定语
❶ 个别副词可以作定语,通常置于名词之后。
◇ That short woman over there is Jim’s girlfriend. 那边那位矮个女子就是吉姆的女朋友。
◇ I met Sue on my way home. 在回家的路上,我碰见苏了。
❷ 一些副词可以放在“不定冠词+名词”之前,作定语。
quite a boy 一个不寻常的男孩
rather a mess 相当混乱
2. 副词在句中的作用
1) 动词+副词(副词修饰动词)
◇ Lori did well with her PowerPoint presentation about New York’s history.萝丽关于纽约历史的幻灯片简报做得非常成功。
副词 well 修饰动词 did,说明 Lori 如何做简报。
◇ Joe went home an hour ago. 乔1小时以前回家了。
home 是副词,修饰动词 go,说明去了哪里。
在 go home、get home、be home 这些短语中,home 是副词,home 前面不要介词 to。
2) 副词+形容词(副词修饰形容词)
◇ Dwight is often tired when he works at night.每当杜威特晚上工作时,就会感到疲倦。
副词 often 修饰形容词 tired,说明疲倦的频率。
◇ I’m terribly sorry to be late again. 又迟到了,我非常抱歉。
副词 terribly 修饰形容词 sorry,说明抱歉的程度。
3) 副词+副词(副词修饰副词)
有些副词,如 really、almost、quite、pretty、very 等,可修饰其他副词,强调程度。
◇ Amy did very well on the test she took to get into the Army.艾咪参军考试考得非常好。
副词 very 修饰另一个副词 well,说明 Amy 的考试有多好。
◇ Ann is a fast swimmer, and she can also run extremely fast.安游泳游得很快,而且跑步也飞快。
fast 既可以作形容词也可以作副词。形容词 fast 修饰名词 swimmer;副词 fast 修饰动词 run。程度副词 extremely 修饰副词 fast。
提示
副词和形容词可以与副词 very、as、so、too、enough 等连用,如very good(非常好)、 as enthusiastically as(像……一样热心)、 so weak(如此虚弱)、 too strong(太强烈)、 soon enough(足够快)。
4) 副词+短语/数词(副词修饰短语、数词)
有些副词,如 quite、roughly、about、approximately 等,也可修饰其后面的名词短语(冠词+名词)、介词短语和数词。
◇ It was quite a shock when Dr.Fly told me that I had cancer and could die.当弗莱医生告诉我,我患了癌症,可能会死,真让我惊愕不已。
副词 quite 修饰名词短语 a shock,说明震惊的程度。
◇ Lee is madly in love with Lily. 李深深地爱上了莉莉。
副词 madly 修饰介词短语 in love with Lily。
◇ At Ocean View College, roughly 99 percent of the students have cellphones with an Internet connection. 在海景大学,大约99%的学生的手机都有网络连接。
副词 roughly 修饰数词 99。
5) 副词短语
◇ Thirty minutes later, she came running in, out of breath and full of worry.30分钟后,她气喘吁吁、满脸焦虑地跑了进来。
短语 thirty minutes later 作副词,表示“时间”。短语 out of breath and full of worry 作副词,修饰动词短语 came running in。
◇ On Monday morning, Alice is usually at her office. 周一上午,艾丽丝通常都在她的办公室。
副词 usually 修饰短语 at her office,说明 Alice 在办公室的频率(How often is Alice at her office?)。
on Monday morning 和 at her office 是介词短语起副词作用,被称为副词短语,用来说明什么时候(周一上午)和在哪里(在办公室)。
6) 比较“行为动词+副词”和 “系动词+形容词”
◇ Dee looked suspiciously at me. 蒂用怀疑的眼光看着我。
行为动词 looked(看)要用副词 suspiciously 修饰。
◇ Why does Dean often look mean? 为什么迪安常常看上去很凶狠?
系动词(look 看上去、好像)接形容词(mean)。
◇ Dee felt the cloth carefully to check its quality.蒂仔细地抚摸那匹布,检查它的质量。
felt(摸、触、试探)是行为动词,必须用副词 carefully 修饰。
◇ Dad felt very sad that his dog had become mad.爸爸感到很伤心,因为他的狗疯了。
感官动词(felt)+形容词(sad);系动词(had become)+形容词(mad)。
提示
系动词通常接形容词。感官动词以及一些普通动词也可以作系动词,这时它们要接形容词。以下是常见的系动词。
◇ Please keep silent while I am teaching the elephant. 我在训练大象时,请你们保持安静。
keep(保持)是普通动词用作系动词,后面接形容词 silent。
◇ I think we should get out of here because this neighborhood doesn’t look good. 我想,我们应该离开这里,因为这个社区看上去不安全。
look(看起来)是感官动词用作系动词,后面接形容词 good。
◇ She is quite wealthy, but she smokes a lot and her lungs aren’t very healthy.她非常富有,但她是一个大烟鬼,她的肺很不健康。
be 动词(is, are)是系动词,后面接形容词 wealthy、 healthy。