一本搞定高中英语语法(第二版)
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Unit5 形容词

一、 形容词在句中的位置

形容词对名词或代词进行补充说明,起描绘、修饰、限定的作用。形容词在句中可以作定语、主语补语(即表语)和宾语补语;形容词短语还可以作状语。

1. 置于名词前或系动词后

大多数形容词可用于所描述的名词前面作定语或放在系动词(如 be 动词、look、become)的后面作主语补语(即表语)。

形容词(定语)+名词

an uneasy laugh 心神不安的笑

old-fashioned ideas 保守的观点

◇ Pearl is a rich and spoiled girl. 珀儿是一个娇惯的有钱女孩。

◇ Jake is like a hungry mouse whenever he sees some cheesecake.杰克只要看见奶酪蛋糕就像一只饥饿的老鼠。

◇ After Gem and Dean were divorced, a rather uneasy peace existed between them.洁姆和迪安离婚后,他们之间存在不稳定的和睦。

◇ Tess loved her old-fashioned dress. 黛丝喜欢她那条老式的连衣裙。

old-fashioned 放在名词前,要用连字号(如an old-fashioned gentleman 一个保守的绅士、an old-fashioned swimming suit 一件老式的游泳衣)。

系动词+形容词(主语补语)

◇ Since Mitch married Amy, he has become rich. 自从米奇娶了艾咪,他就开始变富有了。

◇ Lily is hungry for power and money. 莉莉渴望权力和金钱。

◇ Whenever Lee heard fireworks, he became very uneasy. 李只要听到烟火声,就感到心神不安。

◇ Ms.Bridge is old fashioned about marriage. 米奇女士对婚姻的态度很保守。

old fashioned 置于系动词后时,不需要连字号。

一些形容词只能置于名词前,不能置于系动词后。

①类别形容词:阐明人或事物所属的特定类别,这类形容词没有比较级和最高级。

a live television show 一次现场直播的电视秀

an indoor swimming pool 一个室内游泳池

elder sister/older sister 姐姐

chemical research 化学研究

local anesthesia 局部麻醉

nuclear power plant 核电厂

Obviously,the research that might help find an answer is nuclear.

Obviously, nuclear research might help find an answer.

显而易见,核研究也许可以帮助找到一个答案。

nuclear 是类别形容词,只能置于名词前(如 nuclear physics 核物理),不能在置于系动词后。

◇ She was the sole heir of the large estate. 她是那大笔遗产的唯一继承人。

◇ My elder/older brother says education is important for every person and nation.我的哥哥说,教育对每一个人和每一个国家都重要。

英式英语用 elder brother/sister,美式英语用 older brother/sister。但 elder 只能用在所描述的名词前面(作定语),不能用在系动词 to be 后面(作补语)。

②强调形容词:mere(仅仅的;只不过的)、sheer(纯粹的)、utter(绝对的;十足的)。

sheer nonsense 纯粹胡说

an utter refusal 断然拒绝

◇ It is sheer foolishness to get upset at the mere thought of leaving here. 仅仅因想到要离开这里就难过,纯粹太傻了。

一些形容词通常用于系动词(be、become、feel、look 等)后作主语补语(即表语),不用在名词前。

①以 a- 开头的形容词。

afloat 漂浮着的

afraid 害怕的

aghast 吓呆的

alert 警惕的

alike 相似的

alive 活着的

alone 单独的

aloof 冷漠的

ashamed 羞愧的

asleep 睡着的

awake 醒着的

aware 察觉到的

◇ My sheep is asleep in my electric jeep. 我的羊儿在我的电动吉普车里睡着了。

◇ Soldier Clive Hill is still alive. 士兵克莱儿·黑尔还活着。

◇ Ms.Smith and her daughter Lily look very much alike. 史密斯女士和她女儿莉莉长得一模一样。

②表示健康、情感的形容词。

content 满足的

fine 健康的

glad 高兴的

ill 生病的

pleased 满意的

ready 乐意的;准备好的

sorry 感到难过的

sure 确信的

upset 苦恼的

unwell 不舒服的

well 健康的

Is Joe ready to go? 乔准备好要走了吗?

◇ Jill is ill.=Jill is sick. 吉尔生病了。

表示健康的形容词(ill、well)置于系动词后,不置于名词前(ill Jill和well student的用法是错误的)。

sick 既可放在系动词后(Jill is sick),也可以放在名词前(sick children),美式英语常用sick。

③上面的表示健康、情感的形容词如果置于名词之前,具有不同的含义。

glad tidings 好消息

an ill wind 倒霉;并非完全的不幸

a ready tongue 口齿伶俐

a sorry state 可悲的处境

an upset stomach 胃不舒服

◇ Ms Wood often says that it’s an ill wind that blows nobody any good. 伍德女士常说,凡事有弊也有利。

当ill用在名词前时,意思是“坏的,不吉祥的,邪恶的”,如ill news坏消息。

④有些只置于系动词后面的形容词具有可用于名词之前的对等形容词。

Seeing an afraid little boy on the third floor, Kim rushed back into the burning building to save him.

Seeing a frightened little boy on the third floor, Kim rushed back into the burning building to save him.

看见3楼上有一个受了惊的小男孩,金姆重新冲进燃烧着的大楼去救他。

名词前不能用 afraid,要用 frightened。

◇ My baby is asleep. 我的小宝宝熟睡着。

◇ Maybe you should let a sleeping dog continue to sleep. 也许你应该让正在熟睡的狗继续睡觉。/[喻]别惹麻烦。

2. 后置形容词

1) 形容词放在不定代词之后作定语

比较表格中的用法。

◇ I know you said something horrible to Sue. 我知道你对苏说了一些极不友好的话。

◇ I wish Lori hadn’t told me that horrible story. 我希望萝丽没有把那个可怕的故事讲给我听。

◇ Lulu needs something old and something blue. 露露需要一件旧物品,还需要一件蓝色的物品。

若指同一样东西,可用 “something old and blue(某件蓝色的旧物品)”。

◇ The old man stared at the blue sky for a while and then whispered, “Why?” 那老人望着蓝色的天空看了一会,接着低声问,“为什么?”

◇ Margo thought of the well-hidden UFO and considered doing something forbidden. She asked Amos, “Why shouldn’t we do something a little bit different or even something a little bit dangerous?” 玛苟想到那个隐藏很深的飞碟,于是想做一件被禁的事。她问阿摩司,“我们为什么不做件不同寻常的事,或甚至做件危险的事?”

2) 形容词通常放在表示数量的名词之后作定语

seven feet tall 7英尺高

eighteen years old 18岁

three feet deep 3英尺深

twenty-one meters high 21米高

three kilometers long 3000米长

six miles wide 6英里宽

◇ Paul is only twelve years old but almost six feet tall. 保罗只有12岁,但身高大约已经有6英尺高了。

◇ Liz Song has a driveway that is three hundred meters long. 莉兹·宋的私人车道有300米长。

3) “使役动词(make, keep, let, get, leave, have)+宾语+形容词”结构

形容词置于使役动词和宾语后面,作宾语的补语。

make Dad sad 使爸爸伤心

leave me alone 不要打扰我

get us tired 使我们累了

keep her warm 让她保持温暖

◇ Please leave the door open. 请让门开着。

◇ Sue had her electric car painted redwhite, and blue.苏把她的电动汽车漆成了红、白、蓝色。

4) “形容词最高级或 the first/last/next/only+名词+形容词”结构

形容词最高级或the first/last/next/only+名词+alive、possible、available 等形容词

alive、possible、available 等形容词通常用于系动词之后,作主语补语(即表语),但在此结构中作定语。

◇ Mr.Brown bought the last piece of land available in our town. 布朗先生购买了我们城里最后一块可销售的土地。

available置于名词 land后面,作定语。

= Mr.Brown bought the last piece of land which was available in our town.

available置于定语从句的系动词后面,作主语补语(即表语)。

◇ I’ve talked to the oldest woman alive. 我跟至今还活着的最老的妇女聊过天。

alive后置作定语。

= I’ve talked to the oldest woman who is alive.

alive置于定语从句的系动词后,作主语补语(即表语)。

提示

以-able、-ible 结尾的形容词被另一个最高级形容词或 only 等词修饰时,则以-able、-ible 结尾的形容词可前置也可后置,意义不变。

◇ Does Jill know the only path possible up Snow Hill? (后置)

= Does Jill know the only possible path up Snow Hill? (前置)

吉尔知道上“雪山”唯一的那条可通行的小路吗?

5) 形容词短语(包括分词短语)一般需要后置,相当于定语从句

◇ Maybe this movie will appeal to students interested in psychology.

= Maybe this movie will appeal to students who are interested in psychology.

这部影片也许会吸引那些对心理学感兴趣的学生。

◇ Susan White, cold and sick, died at home last night.

= Susan White, who was cold and sick, died at home last night.

又冷又病的苏珊·怀特,昨晚在家里去世了。

比较

Cold and exhausted, Ted immediately went to bed.

= As he was cold and exhausted, Ted immediately went to bed.

感到又冷又累,泰德立即上床睡觉。

形容词短语也可置于句首,相当于状语从句。

6) 一些形容词用在名词后面构成复合名词

Attorney General 首席检察官

court martial 军事法庭

Secretary General 总书记

Poet Laureate 桂冠诗人

7) 一些形容词可用于名词的前面或后面,但表示的意义不同

提示

concerned 置于名词后,表示“有关的,参与的”;美式英语常用 involved 来表示此意思(involved in something)。

American: He was one of the gangsters involved in the kidnapping.

British: He was one of the gangsters concerned in the kidnapping.

他是参与了那次绑架案的歹徒之一。