Unit5 形容词
一、 形容词在句中的位置
形容词对名词或代词进行补充说明,起描绘、修饰、限定的作用。形容词在句中可以作定语、主语补语(即表语)和宾语补语;形容词短语还可以作状语。
1. 置于名词前或系动词后
❶ 大多数形容词可用于所描述的名词前面作定语或放在系动词(如 be 动词、look、become)的后面作主语补语(即表语)。
▶ 形容词(定语)+名词
an uneasy laugh 心神不安的笑
old-fashioned ideas 保守的观点
◇ Pearl is a rich and spoiled girl. 珀儿是一个娇惯的有钱女孩。
◇ Jake is like a hungry mouse whenever he sees some cheesecake.杰克只要看见奶酪蛋糕就像一只饥饿的老鼠。
◇ After Gem and Dean were divorced, a rather uneasy peace existed between them.洁姆和迪安离婚后,他们之间存在不稳定的和睦。
◇ Tess loved her old-fashioned dress. 黛丝喜欢她那条老式的连衣裙。
old-fashioned 放在名词前,要用连字号(如an old-fashioned gentleman 一个保守的绅士、an old-fashioned swimming suit 一件老式的游泳衣)。
▶ 系动词+形容词(主语补语)
◇ Since Mitch married Amy, he has become rich. 自从米奇娶了艾咪,他就开始变富有了。
◇ Lily is hungry for power and money. 莉莉渴望权力和金钱。
◇ Whenever Lee heard fireworks, he became very uneasy. 李只要听到烟火声,就感到心神不安。
◇ Ms.Bridge is old fashioned about marriage. 米奇女士对婚姻的态度很保守。
old fashioned 置于系动词后时,不需要连字号。
❷ 一些形容词只能置于名词前,不能置于系动词后。
①类别形容词:阐明人或事物所属的特定类别,这类形容词没有比较级和最高级。
a live television show 一次现场直播的电视秀
an indoor swimming pool 一个室内游泳池
elder sister/older sister 姐姐
chemical research 化学研究
local anesthesia 局部麻醉
nuclear power plant 核电厂
◇ Obviously,the research that might help find an answer is nuclear.
Obviously, nuclear research might help find an answer.
显而易见,核研究也许可以帮助找到一个答案。
nuclear 是类别形容词,只能置于名词前(如 nuclear physics 核物理),不能在置于系动词后。
◇ She was the sole heir of the large estate. 她是那大笔遗产的唯一继承人。
◇ My elder/older brother says education is important for every person and nation.我的哥哥说,教育对每一个人和每一个国家都重要。
英式英语用 elder brother/sister,美式英语用 older brother/sister。但 elder 只能用在所描述的名词前面(作定语),不能用在系动词 to be 后面(作补语)。
②强调形容词:mere(仅仅的;只不过的)、sheer(纯粹的)、utter(绝对的;十足的)。
sheer nonsense 纯粹胡说
an utter refusal 断然拒绝
◇ It is sheer foolishness to get upset at the mere thought of leaving here. 仅仅因想到要离开这里就难过,纯粹太傻了。
❸ 一些形容词通常用于系动词(be、become、feel、look 等)后作主语补语(即表语),不用在名词前。
①以 a- 开头的形容词。
afloat 漂浮着的
afraid 害怕的
aghast 吓呆的
alert 警惕的
alike 相似的
alive 活着的
alone 单独的
aloof 冷漠的
ashamed 羞愧的
asleep 睡着的
awake 醒着的
aware 察觉到的
◇ My sheep is asleep in my electric jeep. 我的羊儿在我的电动吉普车里睡着了。
◇ Soldier Clive Hill is still alive. 士兵克莱儿·黑尔还活着。
◇ Ms.Smith and her daughter Lily look very much alike. 史密斯女士和她女儿莉莉长得一模一样。
②表示健康、情感的形容词。
content 满足的
fine 健康的
glad 高兴的
ill 生病的
pleased 满意的
ready 乐意的;准备好的
sorry 感到难过的
sure 确信的
upset 苦恼的
unwell 不舒服的
well 健康的
◇ Is Joe ready to go? 乔准备好要走了吗?
◇ Jill is ill.=Jill is sick. 吉尔生病了。
表示健康的形容词(ill、well)置于系动词后,不置于名词前(ill Jill和well student的用法是错误的)。
sick 既可放在系动词后(Jill is sick),也可以放在名词前(sick children),美式英语常用sick。
③上面的表示健康、情感的形容词如果置于名词之前,具有不同的含义。
glad tidings 好消息
an ill wind 倒霉;并非完全的不幸
a ready tongue 口齿伶俐
a sorry state 可悲的处境
an upset stomach 胃不舒服
◇ Ms Wood often says that it’s an ill wind that blows nobody any good. 伍德女士常说,凡事有弊也有利。
当ill用在名词前时,意思是“坏的,不吉祥的,邪恶的”,如ill news坏消息。
④有些只置于系动词后面的形容词具有可用于名词之前的对等形容词。
◇ Seeing an afraid little boy on the third floor, Kim rushed back into the burning building to save him.
Seeing a frightened little boy on the third floor, Kim rushed back into the burning building to save him.
看见3楼上有一个受了惊的小男孩,金姆重新冲进燃烧着的大楼去救他。
名词前不能用 afraid,要用 frightened。
◇ My baby is asleep. 我的小宝宝熟睡着。
◇ Maybe you should let a sleeping dog continue to sleep. 也许你应该让正在熟睡的狗继续睡觉。/[喻]别惹麻烦。
2. 后置形容词
1) 形容词放在不定代词之后作定语
比较表格中的用法。
◇ I know you said something horrible to Sue. 我知道你对苏说了一些极不友好的话。
◇ I wish Lori hadn’t told me that horrible story. 我希望萝丽没有把那个可怕的故事讲给我听。
◇ Lulu needs something old and something blue. 露露需要一件旧物品,还需要一件蓝色的物品。
若指同一样东西,可用 “something old and blue(某件蓝色的旧物品)”。
◇ The old man stared at the blue sky for a while and then whispered, “Why?” 那老人望着蓝色的天空看了一会,接着低声问,“为什么?”
◇ Margo thought of the well-hidden UFO and considered doing something forbidden. She asked Amos, “Why shouldn’t we do something a little bit different or even something a little bit dangerous?” 玛苟想到那个隐藏很深的飞碟,于是想做一件被禁的事。她问阿摩司,“我们为什么不做件不同寻常的事,或甚至做件危险的事?”
2) 形容词通常放在表示数量的名词之后作定语
seven feet tall 7英尺高
eighteen years old 18岁
three feet deep 3英尺深
twenty-one meters high 21米高
three kilometers long 3000米长
six miles wide 6英里宽
◇ Paul is only twelve years old but almost six feet tall. 保罗只有12岁,但身高大约已经有6英尺高了。
◇ Liz Song has a driveway that is three hundred meters long. 莉兹·宋的私人车道有300米长。
3) “使役动词(make, keep, let, get, leave, have)+宾语+形容词”结构
形容词置于使役动词和宾语后面,作宾语的补语。
make Dad sad 使爸爸伤心
leave me alone 不要打扰我
get us tired 使我们累了
keep her warm 让她保持温暖
◇ Please leave the door open. 请让门开着。
◇ Sue had her electric car painted red, white, and blue.苏把她的电动汽车漆成了红、白、蓝色。
4) “形容词最高级或 the first/last/next/only+名词+形容词”结构
▶ 形容词最高级或the first/last/next/only+名词+alive、possible、available 等形容词
alive、possible、available 等形容词通常用于系动词之后,作主语补语(即表语),但在此结构中作定语。
◇ Mr.Brown bought the last piece of land available in our town. 布朗先生购买了我们城里最后一块可销售的土地。
available置于名词 land后面,作定语。
= Mr.Brown bought the last piece of land which was available in our town.
available置于定语从句的系动词后面,作主语补语(即表语)。
◇ I’ve talked to the oldest woman alive. 我跟至今还活着的最老的妇女聊过天。
alive后置作定语。
= I’ve talked to the oldest woman who is alive.
alive置于定语从句的系动词后,作主语补语(即表语)。
提示
以-able、-ible 结尾的形容词被另一个最高级形容词或 only 等词修饰时,则以-able、-ible 结尾的形容词可前置也可后置,意义不变。
◇ Does Jill know the only path possible up Snow Hill? (后置)
= Does Jill know the only possible path up Snow Hill? (前置)
吉尔知道上“雪山”唯一的那条可通行的小路吗?
5) 形容词短语(包括分词短语)一般需要后置,相当于定语从句
◇ Maybe this movie will appeal to students interested in psychology.
= Maybe this movie will appeal to students who are interested in psychology.
这部影片也许会吸引那些对心理学感兴趣的学生。
◇ Susan White, cold and sick, died at home last night.
= Susan White, who was cold and sick, died at home last night.
又冷又病的苏珊·怀特,昨晚在家里去世了。
比较
◇ Cold and exhausted, Ted immediately went to bed.
= As he was cold and exhausted, Ted immediately went to bed.
感到又冷又累,泰德立即上床睡觉。
形容词短语也可置于句首,相当于状语从句。
6) 一些形容词用在名词后面构成复合名词
Attorney General 首席检察官
court martial 军事法庭
Secretary General 总书记
Poet Laureate 桂冠诗人
7) 一些形容词可用于名词的前面或后面,但表示的意义不同
提示
concerned 置于名词后,表示“有关的,参与的”;美式英语常用 involved 来表示此意思(involved in something)。
◇ American: He was one of the gangsters involved in the kidnapping.
British: He was one of the gangsters concerned in the kidnapping.
他是参与了那次绑架案的歹徒之一。