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选题的新手上路
作为一个研究新手（刚刚开始自己的研究生涯）常会遇到这样的情况：
Student researcher:I am interested in topic X.
Teacher:So, what do you want to find out？
Student researcher:…
从研究兴趣到研究问题的形成的确是一个很难的过程。尽管上面我们试图给大家介绍清楚关于研究问题的概念及相关概念，同时也介绍了形成研究问题的技术等，但是对于没有经验的研究新手而言，确立研究问题仍然具有挑战性。现在我们来看看一般情况下，这是怎样的一个过程。
The process of developing and refining research questions
1.Write down every question you can think of
Let both the results of your reading and imagination run riot for a reasonable period of time, and record every question that occurs to you.Brain-storming sessions, on your own or with others, may stimulate the process.Note down questions when they occur to you, wherever and for whatever reason.The list will include all kinds of questions；some will be seeking descriptions, some explanations, some will be concerned with the list; simply record the questions as they arise.
2.Review the list of questions
Once you are satisfied that you have pretty will exhausted all the ideas you have on the topic, you should review your list.There are a number of strategies for doing this.
（1）Group the questions under similar themes or topics, if such exist in your list. This is likely to reveal overlaps between questions which will make it possible to eliminate some and to consolidate others.
（2）Set aside question that seem to be outside your main area（s）of interest, that are too outrageous, or that seem take you in directions that may be too difficult or too demanding to deal with.
3.Separate“what”, “why”and“how”questions
Within each group of questions, begin to identify those that appear to be“what”, “why”and“how”questions.The wording of“what”, “why”and“how”questions requires very careful consideration, as the way a question is stated initially can be deceptive:“what”and“why”questions can begin with“how”, and“how”question can begin with“what”.For example:“How are environmental behavior and environmental worldview related?” This needs to transposed into a descriptive question, as“what is the relationship between environmental behavior and environmental worldview? ”or“To what extent, and in what ways, is environmental behavior related to environmental worldview？”
Make sure each question is worded as clearly and as simply as possible and that each one can be identified unambiguously as a“what”, “why”or“how”question. Complex questions may need to be broken down into a series of questions.
4.Expose assumptions
Check each question to see what it assumes.Many questions, particularly“why”questions, presuppose other questions.It is important to expose the“what”question that must be answered before a“why”question can be asked, or, perhaps, even formulated.“How”questions may be presupposed both“what”and, particularly, “why”questions.A research project may need to examine all three types of questions. Rather than reducing the number of questions on the list, this part of the process may add further questions.
5.Examine the scope of the questions
Now is the tie to get practical and ask yourself how many groups of questions, and questions within groups, can be tackled in the project.A judgement has to be made about what is going to be manageable within the time and with the other resources available.There is an inevitable tendency to try to do too much; the questions for the topic on student plagiarism are a good example.Therefore, it is advisable at this stage to reduce the project to what may appear to be extremely limited or even trivial set of questions. Such innocent-looking questions usually have other questions lurking in their shadows.
6.Separate major and subsidiary questions
Once the list of questions has been reduced to what appears to be a manageable set, further work can be done on them.It may be useful to separate the questions into two broad categories, major questions and subsidiary questions.Major questions are those that will form the core of the research project, the key questions that are to be answered.They may also be stated more abstractly than some of the other questions.Subsidiary questions will include those that deal with background information or issues that are presupposed by one or more major questions that, while being necessary, are not absolutely central to the project.Here is an example of a set of major and subsidiary questions.
Major research question：
—to what extent is environmentally responsible behavior practiced？
Subsidiary research questions：
—what proportion of residents regularly recycle household waste products？
—what proportion of residents avoid buying environmentally damaging products？
—what proportion of university students are actively involved in environmental groups？
7.Is each question necessary？
As you set of questions begins to take shape, you need to subject them to crucial scrutiny by asking of each question:“why am I asking this question?” “Is it necessary? ”“Why do I want to know this? ”“What will I do with the results from it? ”“How does it related to other questions? ”“Is it researchable? ”“Can I manage all these questions? ”This process need to be taken very seriously and not glossed over quickly.It is very easy to include question because“that would be interesting to explore”, or“I would really like to know about that”.This critical examination needs to be ruthless.
摘自：Blaikie N.Designing Social Research[M].Cambridge:Polity Press,2000.
参考译文
这个过程是我们作为研究者经常需要经历的过程，尤其作为一个新手的研究者。在新定位的研究面前，也是需要经过这样的训练过程：
1．写下自己所有的想法；
2．检查所列出的问题；
3．区分“What”“Why”和“How”研究问题；
4．进一步明确研究前提或者假设；
5．检查研究问题的范围（是否可行）；
6．分出主要研究问题和次要研究问题；
7．通过询问来检查每一个研究问题是否必要。
在线学习——1．选题的新手上路（Record）
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2.Marx's sources of research quesionts（Record）
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