四 出人意料的大选结果
在大选中,对阵希拉里,特朗普笑到了最后,这一结果出乎许多人的意料。在大选日之前的大多数相关民调中,特朗普的选民支持率都落后于希拉里。这一状况一直持续到大选日。根据美国大选最终计票结果,特朗普所获得的选民票比希拉里少了近290万张(相当于2.1%),而他却赢得了306张选举人票,比希拉里多了74张,[24]这种结果是很少见的。有关统计数据显示,在1824—2016年的49次大选中,选民票落后于对手却仍然当选美国总统包括特朗普在内只有5人,这其中虽输掉了普选票却赢得了选举人票从而无争议当选美国总统包括特朗普在内只有2人(其他3人都是经过裁决而当选),[25]其概率为0.04,因此,特朗普当选是不择不扣的“小概率”事件,难怪这一选举结果令人惊讶。
事实上,特朗普自参选就不被看好。2015年6月16日,在纽约特朗普大厦特朗普正式宣布他参与2016年的总统竞选。起初,美国主流媒体如《华盛顿邮报》认为特朗普参选不是认真的,理由是,根据该报与美国广播公司(ABC)于2015年5月在共和党内部所做的一项调查数据显示,对特朗普持赞同看法的人占23%,而持不赞同看法的人则占65%。二者合并,对特朗普的负面看法高达42%,在被调查的9位共和党候选人中处于被远远抛在后面的倒数第一位。该篇报道还指出,在被调查的共和党人中,10个人中只有1个人表示不了解特朗普,占11%。换言之,在他竞选代表的党内,人们都很了解他,但又都很不喜欢他。据此,该报道认为,如果你的民调数据像特朗普那样,那你就什么都赢不了。并由此推断认为,特朗普参选的目标只是吸引注意力,而不是赢得选举。[26]
无独有偶,在特朗普赢得竞选的当天,CNN就发文承认,从一开始,每个人都低估了唐纳德·特朗普。在大选日的早晨,奥巴马的首席策略师戴维·普洛夫(David Plouffe)在推特上上传了一张伏特加加橙汁的图片,并附上了一句很乐观的配文:“准备观看她的胜选演讲。”8小时后,普洛夫发推文表示,他的一生中从未出过这样的差错。[27]
特朗普的确赢得非同寻常,从他本人的履历与以往白宫主人之间的反差也可以印证这一判断。他是美国历史上当选总统时年龄最大的人,也是美国历史上唯一一个在就职前没有从政或从军经验的总统。据统计,1789—2016年入主白宫的美国总统,其平均担任公职时间为13年,服兵役时间为5.6年。扎卡里·泰勒(Zachary Taylor)、尤利塞斯·格兰特(Ulysses S.Grant)与德怀特·艾森豪威尔是仅有的3位未曾担任过公职的总统,但就任总统前他们3位在军中任职时间合计达100年。[28]
对于这场异乎寻常的美国大选结果,英国《卫报》报道认为,这是美国政治史上最令人吃惊的胜利之一。它使美国及其之外上百万人感到震惊,不知道接下来将发生什么,人们在问:特朗普是怎么做到的?[29]
由于这场不同寻常的选举而引发的相关追问可能会持续许多年,关于美国的变化,以及这种变化带来的影响引人深思。
(刘得手:中国社会科学院美国研究所研究员)
[1] Amendment 22-Presidential Term Limits,http://www.usconstitution.net/xconst_Am22.html.
[2] 乔治城大学吉姆·朗格(Jim Lengle)副教授认为,连续两届控制白宫的政党几乎都会在下一次选举中失利,这使那些怀有总统梦想的共和党人看到其在2016年选举中获胜的大好机会。参见Jill Ornitz,Here's Why The 2016 Republican Presidential Primary Could Make History,http://abcnews.go.com/Politics/heres-2016-republican-presidential-primary-make-history/story?id=32767880。
[3] Jill Ornitz,Here's Why The 2016 Republican Presidential Primary Could Make History,http://abcnews.go.com/Politics/heres-2016-republican-presidential-primary-make-history/story?id=32767880.
[4] Janell Ross,Who really supports Donald Trump,Ted Cruz,Ben Carson,Marco Rubio and Jeb Bush-in 5 charts,https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/the-fix/wp/2015/12/15/who-really-supports-donald-trump-ted-cruz-ben-carson-marco-rubio-and-jeb-bush-in-5-charts/?utm_term=.52c042886c96.
[5] David Jackson,Floor fight in Cleveland?Republicans discuss brokered convention,Dec.11,2015,http://www.usatoday.com/story/news/politics/onpolitics/2015/12/11/floor-fight-cleveland-republicans-discuss-brokered-convention/77139938/.
[6] Foxnews,Ryan says open GOP convention“more likely”,March 17,2016,http://www.foxnews.com/politics/2016/03/17/ryan-says-open-gop-convention-more-likely.html.
[7] Stephen Collinson,Cruz win moves GOP closer to contested convention,April 6,2016,http://edition.cnn.com/2016/04/05/politics/wisconsin-primary-highlights/index.html.
[8] Stephen Collinson,Donald Trump:Presumptive GOP nominee;Sanders takes Indiana.
[9] 转引自新华网《美国选举满满负能量选民焦虑堪比“9·11”》,http://news.xinhuanet.com/world/2016-11/03/c_129348048.htm?_t_t_t=0.6061447968240827。
[10] Gregory Krleg,Trump threatens to jail Clinton if he wins election,http://edition.cnn.com/2016/10/09/politics/eric-holder-nixon-trump-presidential-debate/index.html.
[11] 参见George Friedman,Is the 2016 Presidential Election Unique?https://geopoliticalfutures.com/is-the-2016-presidential-election-unique/。
[12] Joseph Uscinski,The 5 Most Dangerous Conspiracy Theories of 2016,http://www.politico.com/magazine/story/2016/08/conspiracy-theories-2016-donald-trump-hillary-clinton-214183.
[13] Max Ehrenfreund,The outlandish conspiracy theories many of Donald Trump's supporters believe,https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/wonk/wp/2016/05/05/the-outlandish-conspiracy-theories-many-of-donald-trumps-supporters-believe/?utm_term=.f1369c1a9a0f.
[14] Steve McCann,The American People vs.the Political Establishment,http://www.americanthinker.com/articles/2016/01/the_american_people_vs_the_political_establishment.html.
[15] Danielle Kurtzleben,People Keep Talking about“the Estblishment”,What Is It,Anyway?http://www.npr.org/2016/02/11/466049701/how-establishment-became-the-buzzword-of-the-2016-election.
[16] Jack Shafer,What Is the“Establishment”Now?http://www.politico.com/magazine/story/2016/01/what-is-the-establishment-now-213565.
[17] 鉴于特朗普,据他个人声称,在过去的40年里,曾向两党捐款数百万美元,因此,他自诩的反建制派身份遭受质疑。特朗普和克鲁兹都被认为与美国的经济和社会体系存在千丝万缕的联系,他们都是这个体系的受益者。参见Steve McCann,the American People vs.The Political Establishment;Roland Dodds,The Establishment's“Anti-Establishment”Candidates,http://ordinary-gentlemen.com/2016/01/23/the-establishments-anti-establishment-candidates/。
[18] Rich Lowry,Where is the Republican Establishment?http://www.nationalreview.com/article/429596/.
[19] Jack Shafer,What Is the“Establishment”Now?http://www.politico.com/magazine/story/2016/01/what-is-the-establishment-ncw-213565.
[20] Zachary Crockett,Donald Trump is the only US president ever with no political or military experience.
[21] Ben Boychuk,Why Trump will Win the White House,http://www.sacbee.com/opinion/op-ed/ben-boychuk/article81455472.html.
[22] Will Doran,Donald Trump set the record for the most GOP primary votes ever.But that's not his only record,http://www.politifact.com/north-carolina/statements/2016/jul/08/donald-trump/donald-trump-set-record-most-gop-primary-votes-eve/.
[23] Stephen Collinson,Donald Trump:Presumptive GOP nominee;Sanders takes Indiana,http://edition.cnn.com/2016/05/03/politics/indiana-primary-highlights/index.html.
[24] 在2016年12月19日选举人投票日,由于共和党选举人团和民主党选举人团分别有2名和5名“失信选举人”,他们将票投给了别人,而使特朗普和希拉里的最终选举人得票数分别为304张和227张,参见Drew Desilver,Trump's victory another example of how Electoral College wins are bigger than popular vote ones,http://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2016/12/20/why-electoral-college-landslides-are-easier-to-win-than-popular-vote-ones/。
[25] Gregory Krieg,It's official:Clinton swamps Trump in popular vote,December 22,2016,http://edition.cnn.com/2016/12/21/politics/donald-trump-hillary-clinton-popular-vote-final-count/index.html.
[26] Chris Cillizza,Why no one should take Donald Trump seriously,in one very simple chart,June 17,2015,https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/the-fix/wp/2015/06/17/why-no-one-should-take-donald-trump-seriously-in-1-very-simple-chart/?utm_term=.a87fa02e747b.
[27] Maeve Reston and Stephen Collinson,How Donald Trump won,November 9,2016,http://edition.cnn.com/2016/11/09/politics/donald-trump-wins-election-2016/index.html.
[28] Zachary Crockett,Donald Trump is the only US president ever with no political or military experience,http://www.vox.com/policy-and-politics/2016/11/11/13587532/donald-trump-no-experience.
[29] David Smith,How Trump won the election:volatility and a common touch,Wednesday 9 November 2016,https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2016/nov/09/how-did-donald-trump-win-analysis.