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tion of its relations), it is as if we said "it belongs in the same world with those other objects." Naturally enough, we have hourly opportunities for this summary process of belief.All remote objects in space or time are believed in this way.When I believe that some prehistoric savage chipped this flint, for example, the reality of the savage and of his act makes no direct appeal either to my sensation, emotion, or volition.What I mean by my belief in it is, imply my dim sense of a continuity between the long dead savage and his doings and the present world of which the hint forms part.It is preeminently a case for applying our doctrine of the 'fringe ' (see Vol.I.p.258).When I think the savage with one fringe of relationship, I believe in him; when I think him without that fringe, or with another one (e.g., if I should class him with 'scientific vagaries' in general), I disbelieve him.The word 'real' itself is, in short, a fringe.RELATIONS OF BELIEF AND WILL.

We shall see in Chapter XXV that will consists in nothing but a manner of attending to certain objects, or consenting to their stable presence before the mind.The objects, in the case of will, are those whose existence depends on our thought, movements of our own body for example, or facts which such movements executed in future may make real.Objects of belief, on the contrary, are those which do not change according as we think regarding them.I want to get up early tomorrow morning; I believe that I

got up late yesterday morning; I will that my foreign bookseller in Boston shall procure me a German book and write to him to that effect.

I believe that he will make me pay three dollars for it when it comes, etc.Now the important thing to notice is that this difference between the objects of will and belief is entirely immaterial, as far as the relation of the mind to them goes.All that the mind does is in both cases the same;

it looks at the object and consents to its existence, espouses it, says 'it shall be my reality.' It turns to it, in short, in the interested active emotional way.The rest is done by nature, which in some cases makes the objects real which we think of in this manner, and in other cases does not.Nature cannot change the past to suit our thinking.

She cannot change the stars or the winds; but she does change our bodies to suit our thinking, and through their instrumentality changes much besides;

so the great practical distinction between objects which we may will or unwill, and objects which we can merely believe or disbelieve, grows up, and is of course one of the most important distinctions in the world.Its roots, however, do not lie in psychology, but in physiology; as the chapter on Volition will abundantly make plain.Will and belief, in short, meaning a certain relation between objects and the Self, are two names for one and the same PSYCHOLOGICAL phenomenon.All the questions which arise concerning one are questions which arise concerning the other.The causes and conditions of the peculiar relation must be the same in both.

The free-will question arises as regards belief.If our wills are indeterminate, so must our beliefs be, etc.The first act of free-will, in short, would naturally be to believe in free-will, etc.In Chapter XXVI, I shall mention this again.

A practical observation may end this chapter.If belief consists in an emotional reaction of the entire man on an object, how can we believe at will? We cannot control our emotions.Truly enough, a man cannot believe at will abruptly.Nature sometimes, and indeed not very infrequently, produces instantaneous conversions for us.She suddenly puts us in an active connection with objects of which she had till then left us cold." I realize for the first time," we then say, "what that means!" This happens often with moral propositions.We have often heard them; but now they shoot into our lives; they move us; we feel their living force.Such instantaneous beliefs are truly enough not to be achieved by will.But gradually our will can lead us to same results by I very simple method: we need only in cold blood ACT as if the thing in question were real, and keep acting as if it were real, and it infallibly end by growing into such a connection with our life that it will become real.It will become so knit with habit and emotion that our interests in it will be those which characterize belief.

Those to whom God' and 'Duty' are now mere names can make them much more than that, if they make a little sacrifice to them every day.But all this is so well known in moral and religious education that I need say no more.

Reprinted, with additions, from 'Mind' for July Compare this psychological fact with the corresponding logical truth that all negation rests on covert assertion of something else than the thing denied.(See Bradley's Principles of Logic, bk.r.

ch.3.)

See that very remarkable little work, 'The Anæthetic Revelation and the Gist of Philosophy,' by Benj.P.Blood (Amsterdam, N.Y., 1874).Compare also Mind, vii.206.

To one whose mind is healthy thoughts come and go unnoticed; with me they have to be faced, thought about in a peculiar fashion, and then disposed of as finished, and this often when I am utterly wearied and would be at peace; but the call is imperative.This goes on to the hindrance of all natural action.If I were told that the staircase was on fire,,d I had only a minute to escape, and the thought arose --