第2章 Letter II

But I might perhaps make a better use of the opening you afford me if I were to direct your mind to a loftier theme than that of art.It would appear to be unseasonable to go in search of a code for the aesthetic world,when the moral world offers matter of so much higher interest,and when the spirit of philosophical inquiry is so stringently challenged by the circumstances of our times to occupy itself with the most perfect of all works of art -the establishment and structure of a true political freedom.

It is unsatisfactory to live out of your own age and to work for other times.It is equally incumbent on us to be good members of our own age as of our own state or country.If it is conceived to be unseemly and even unlawful for a man to segregate himself from the customs and manners of the circle in which he lives,it would be inconsistent not to see that it is equally his duty to grant a proper share of influence to the voice of his own epoch,to its taste and its requirements,in the operations in which he engages.

But the voice of our age seems by no means favorable to art,at all events to that kind of art to which my inquiry is directed.The course of events has given a direction to the genius of the time that threatens to remove it continually further from the ideal of art.For art has to leave reality,it has to raise itself bodily above necessity and neediness;for art is the daughter of freedom,and it requires its prescriptions and rules to be furnished by the necessity of spirits and not by that of matter.

But in our day it is necessity,neediness,that prevails,and bends a degraded humanity under its iron yoke.Utility is the great idol of the time,to which all powers do homage and all subjects are subservient.In this great balance of utility,the spiritual service of art has no weight,and,deprived of all encouragement,it vanishes from the noisy Vanity Fair of our time.

The very spirit of philosophical inquiry itself robs the imagination of one promise after another,and the frontiers of art are narrowed,in proportion as the limits of science are enlarged.

The eyes of the philosopher as well as of the man of the world are anxiously turned to the theatre of political events,where it is presumed the great destiny of man is to be played out.It would almost seem to betray a culpable indifference to the welfare of society if we did not share this general interest.For this great commerce in social and moral principles is of necessity a matter of the greatest concern to every human being,on the ground both of its subject and of its results.It must accordingly be of deepest moment to every man to think for himself.It would seem that now at length a question that formerly was only settled by the law of the stronger is to be determined by the calm judgment of the reason,and every man who is capable of placing himself in a central position,and raising his individuality into that of his species,can look upon himself as in possession of this judicial faculty of reason;being moreover,as man and member of the human family,a party in the case under trial and involved more or less in its decisions.It would thus appear that this great political process is not only engaged with his individual case,it has also to pronounce enactments,which he as a rational spirit is capable of enunciating and entitled to pronounce.

It is evident that it would have been most attractive to me to inquire into an object such as this,to decide such a question in conjunction with a thinker of powerful mind,a man of liberal sympathies,and a heart imbued with a noble enthusiasm for the weal of humanity.Though so widely separated by worldly position,it would have been a delightful surprise to have found your unprejudiced mind arriving at the same result as my own in the field of ideas.Nevertheless,I think I can not only excuse,but even justify by solid grounds,my step in resisting this attractive purpose and in preferring beauty to freedom.I hope that I shall succeed in convincing you that this matter of art is less foreign to the needs than to the tastes of our age;nay,that,to arrive at a solution even in the political problem,the road of aesthetics must be pursued,because it is through beauty that we arrive at freedom.But I cannot carry out this proof without my bringing to your remembrance the principles by which the reason is guided in political legislation.