第47章 BOOK V(8)

Further,the law enjoins that no private man shall be allowed to possess gold and silver,but only coin for daily use,which is almost necessary in dealing with artisans,and for payment of hirelings,whether slaves or immigrants,by all those persons who require the use of them.Wherefore our citizens,as we say,should have a coin passing current among themselves,but not accepted among the rest of mankind;with a view,however,to expeditions and journeys to other lands-for embassies,or for any other occasion which may arise of sending out a herald,the state must also possess a common Hellenic currency.If a private person is ever obliged to go abroad,let him have the consent of the magistrates and go;and if when he returns he has any foreign money remaining,let him give the surplus back to the treasury,and receive a corresponding sum in the local currency.And if he is discovered to appropriate it,let it be confiscated,and let him who knows and does not inform be subject to curse and dishonour equally him who brought the money,and also to a fine not less in amount than the foreign money which has been brought back.In marrying and giving in marriage,no one shall give or receive any dowry at all;and no one shall deposit money with another whom he does not trust as a friend,nor shall he lend money upon interest;and the borrower should be under no obligation to repay either capital or interest.That these principles are best,any one may see who compares them with the first principle and intention of a state.The intention,as we affirm,of a reasonable statesman,is not what the many declare to be the object of a good legislator,namely,that the state for the true interests of which he is advising should be as great and as rich as possible,and should possess gold and silver,and have the greatest empire by sea and land;-this they imagine to be the real object of legislation,at the same time adding,inconsistently,that the true legislator desires to have the city the best and happiest possible.But they do not see that some of these things are possible,and some of them are impossible;and he who orders the state will desire what is possible,and will not indulge in vain wishes or attempts to accomplish that which is impossible.The citizen must indeed be happy and good,and the legislator will seek to make him so;but very rich and very good at the same time he cannot be,not,at least,in the sense in which the many speak of riches.For they mean by "the rich"the few who have the most valuable possessions,although the owner of them may quite well be a rogue.And if this is true,Ican never assent to the doctrine that the rich man will be happy-he must be good as well as rich.And good in a high degree,and rich in a high degree at the same time,he cannot be.Some one will ask,why not?And we shall answer-Because acquisitions which come from sources which are just and unjust indifferently,are more than double those which come from just sources only;and the sums which are expended neither honourably nor disgracefully,are only half as great as those which are expended honourably and on honourable purposes.Thus,if the one acquires double and spends half,the other who is in the opposite case and is a good man cannot possibly be wealthier than he.The first-I am speaking of the saver and not of the spender-is not always bad;he may indeed in some cases be utterly bad,but,as I was saying,a good man he never is.For he who receives money unjustly as well as justly,and spends neither nor unjustly,will be a rich man if he be also thrifty.On the other hand,the utterly bad is in general profligate,and therefore very poor;while he who spends on noble objects,and acquires wealth by just means only,can hardly be remarkable for riches,any more than he can be very poor.Our statement,then,is true,that the very rich are not good,and,if they are not good,they are not happy.But the intention of our laws was that the citizens should be as happy as may be,and as friendly as possible to one another.And men who are always at law with one another,and amongst whom there are many wrongs done,can never be friends to one another,but only those among whom crimes and lawsuits are few and slight.Therefore we say that gold and silver ought not to be allowed in the city,nor much of the vulgar sort of trade which is carried on by lending money,or rearing the meaner kinds of live stock;but only the produce of agriculture,and only so much of this as will not compel us in pursuing it to neglect that for the sake of which riches exist-I mean,soul and body,which without gymnastics,and without education,will never be worth anything;and therefore,as we have said not once but many times,the care of riches should have the last place in our thoughts.For there are in all three things about which every man has an interest;and the interest about money,when rightly regarded,is the third and lowest of them:midway comes the interest of the body;and,first of all,that of the soul;and the state which we are describing will have been rightly constituted if it ordains honours according to this scale.But if,in any of the laws which have been ordained,health has been preferred to temperance,or wealth to health and temperate habits,that law must clearly be wrong.Wherefore,also,the legislator ought often to impress upon himself the question-"What do I want?"and "Do I attain my aim,or do I miss the mark?"In this way,and in this way only,he ma acquit himself and free others from the work of legislation.

Let the allottee then hold his lot upon the conditions which we have mentioned.