第37章 TENDRIL-BEARERS--(continued)(3)
The concave tip of the tendril is very sensitive; after it had become rapidly coiled into a ring owing to a single touch, it straightened itself in 50 m.The tendril, when in full action, stands vertically up, with the projecting extremity of the young stem thrown a little on one side, so as to be out of the way; but the tendril bears on the inner side, near its base, a short rigid branch, which projects out at right angles like a spur, with the terminal half bowed a little downwards.Hence, as the main vertical branch revolves, the spur, from its position and rigidity, cannot pass over the extremity of the shoot, in the same curious manner as do the three branches of the tendril of the Echinocystis, namely, by stiffening themselves at the proper point.The spur is therefore pressed laterally against the young stem in one part of the revolving course, and thus the sweep of the lower part of the main branch is much restricted.A nice case of co-adaptation here comes into play: in all the other tendrils observed by me, the several branches become sensitive at the same period: had this been the case with the Hanburya, the inwardly directed, spur-like branch, from being pressed, during the revolving movement, against the projecting end of the shoot, would infallibly have seized it in a useless or injurious manner.But the main branch of the tendril, after revolving for a time in a vertical position, spontaneously bends downwards; and in doing so, raises the spur-like branch, which itself also curves upwards; so that by these combined movements it rises above the projecting end of the shoot, and can now move freely without touching the shoot; and now it first becomes sensitive.
The tips of both branches, when they come into contact with a stick, grasp it like any ordinary tendril.But in the course of a few days, the lower surface swells and becomes developed into a cellular layer, which adapts itself closely to the wood, and firmly adheres to it.
This layer is analogous to the adhesive discs formed by the extremities of the tendrils of some species of Bignonia and of Ampelopsis; but in the Hanburya the layer is developed along the terminal inner surface, sometimes for a length of 1.75 inches, and not at the extreme tip.The layer is white, whilst the tendril is green, and near the tip it is sometimes thicker than the tendril itself; it generally spreads a little beyond the sides of the tendril, and is fringed with free elongated cells, which have enlarged globular or retort-shaped heads.This cellular layer apparently secretes some resinous cement; for its adhesion to the wood was not lessened by an immersion of 24 hrs.in alcohol or water, but was quite loosened by a similar immersion in ether or turpentine.
After a tendril has once firmly coiled itself round a stick, it is difficult to imagine of what use the adhesive cellular layer can be.
Owing to the spiral contraction which soon ensues, the tendrils were never able to remain, excepting in one instance, in contact with a thick post or a nearly flat surface; if they had quickly become attached by means of the adhesive layer, this would evidently have been of service to the plant.
The tendrils of Bryonia dioica, Cucurbita ovifera, and Cucumis sativa are sensitive and revolve.Whether the internodes likewise revolve Idid not observe.In Anguria Warscewiczii, the internodes, though thick and stiff, revolve: in this plant the lower surface of the tendril, some time after clasping a stick, produces a coarsely cellular layer or cushion, which adapts itself closely to the wood, like that formed by the tendril of the Hanburya; but it is not in the least adhesive.In Zanonia Indica, which belongs to a different tribe of the family, the forked tendrils and the internodes revolve in periods between 2 hrs.8 m.and 3 hrs.35 m., moving against the sun.
VITACEAE.--In this family and in the two following, namely, the Sapindaceae and Passifloraceae, the tendrils are modified flower-peduncles; and are therefore axial in their nature.In this respect they differ from all those previously described, with the exception, perhaps, of the Cucurbitaceae.The homological nature, however, of a tendril seems to make no difference in its action.
Vitis vinifera.--The tendril is thick and of great length; one from a vine growing out of doors and not vigorously, was 16 inches long.It consists of a peduncle (A), bearing two branches which diverge equally from it.One of the branches (B) has a scale at its base; it is always, as far as I have seen, longer than the other and often bifurcates.The branches when rubbed become curved, and subsequently straighten themselves.After a tendril has clasped any object with its extremity, it contracts spirally; but this does not occur (Palm, p.56) when no object has been seized.The tendrils move spontaneously from side to side; and on a very hot day, one made two elliptical revolutions, at an average rate of 2 hrs.15 m.During these movements a coloured line, painted along the convex surface, appeared after a time on one side, then on the concave side, then on the opposite side, and lastly again on the convex side.The two branches of the same tendril have independent movements.After a tendril has spontaneously revolved for a time, it bends from the light towards the dark: I do not state this on my own authority, but on that of Mohl and Dutrochet.Mohl (p.77) says that in a vine planted against a wall the tendrils point towards it, and in a vineyard generally more or less to the north.