第1章 摘要

人类各大文化体系，都有为“经典”作“注释”的学术传统。伊斯兰文化体系为其渊源经典《古兰经》作注，亦不例外。

史料表明，《古兰经》问世以来文本从未变化，变化的是对它的注释。因此，自伊斯兰教先知穆罕默德注释《古兰经》伊始，历代注释家基于经训教义原则，秉承注释学术传统，发扬文化创制精神，与时俱进地解读着《古兰经》的微言大义，揭示着《古兰经》的经义经旨，从而使伊斯兰教始终顺应时代发展和社会进程，使伊斯兰文化生生不息，不断发展。

《古兰经》注释历经两大时期——口耳相传和文字记录——形成注释学（‘Ilm al-Tafsīr）。注释学的学科立论、界定、要求和方法，为学界注释《古兰经》确立了明确的学科理论和严格的学术规范，从而使历代注释家基于注释学原理原则解读了《古兰经》的基本要义；阐述了《古兰经》宗教信仰与社会应用相结合的二元一体性；揭示了《古兰经》丰富的文化内涵与深刻的现实意义；回答了伊斯兰教与伊斯兰文化如何适应社会发展的问题。

《古兰经》注释的发展历程表明，它的注释种类——传闻注释、见解注释、专题注释、示意注释与科学注释；注释内容——语言学注释、法学注释、哲学注释、苏菲注释与古兰学式注释；注释派别——逊尼派注释、什叶派注释、哈瓦利吉派注释、穆尔太齐赖派注释与近现代注释；注释语言——源语注释与外语注释，这些历代穆斯林阐释《古兰经》的学术动态，都反映了伊斯兰文化学术的纵深发展。历代注释家出于各自教派、学派与学科目的和需要，推出的风格迥异、内容不一、既有时代特色、也有社会烙印的各类注释成果，为伊斯兰社会文化的发展，提供着各具特色的文化元素、思想资源与精神养分。

《古兰经》注释中蕴涵的文化性、社会性、思想性和时代性，很大程度上决定了《古兰经》及其注释，是宏富博大的伊斯兰文化的缩影，是借以推动伊斯兰社会发展的指导思想，是发展伊斯兰教各种思想的理论基础，是伊斯兰教与时俱进的具体表现。它在伊斯兰教与伊斯兰社会文化历史进程中，肩负着独特的学术使命，具有举足轻重的学术价值、社会作用和历史意义。

本书作为国家社会科学基金青年项目“《古兰经》注释研究”（06CZJ007）的最终成果，期望通过研究《古兰经》注释，能够为进一步探究伊斯兰文化的核心内容；为促进我国伊斯兰教学术界对《古兰经》的研究及“解经”工程向纵深发展；为发展我国伊斯兰宗教学的内涵并拓展其研究领域；为丰富我国阿拉伯学、伊斯兰学乃至中东学的学科建设；为推动中华文明与伊斯兰文明之间的深入理解和交流，发挥相应的积极作用。

关键词：伊斯兰文化，《古兰经》，注释

Abstract

For every cultural system in human life，there’s the academic tradition to annotate its classic，so does Islam to Al-qur‘ān.It is proved by historical documents that Al-qur’ān.is eternal and consistent however human society may evolve in history.What keeps changing is its annotation in its adaptation to the changing society.Therefore，started from Prophet Muhammad，mufassirs have interpreted the essence of Al-qur’an based on Al-qur‘ān.and hadīth and aqīdah，for the purpose of developing Islamic spirit，revealing the significance of Al-qur’ān.，and preserving Islamic culture in the ever-changing social development.

The formation of Islamic ‘ilm al-tafsir has experienced two major stages-Al-naql and al-tadwīn.The basic principles，requirements，approaches as well as primary definitions in ‘ilm al-tafsīr generate explicit academic theories and set standards for the annotation of Al-qur’ān.，which subsequently enables annotators from generations to interpret its essence，to elaborate the dual integrity of Islamic religion with the social lives，to reveal its deep cultural meaning and social significance，and to respond to the questions of how Islam and its culture could adapt to social development.

The historical improvement of the annotation to Al-qur‘ān.is the development of Isalmic academic study.The variety of annotation types-Al-tafsiral-ma’thūr，Al-tafsir bi al-ra‘y，Al-tafsir al-mawdu’iyy，Al-tafsir al-ishari，Al-tafsir al-ilmiyy，the contents of annotation-linguistics，jurisprudence，philosophy，al-tafsir al-sūfiyya，al-tafsir bi ‘ulūm al-quar’ān，the different schools of annotation-al-sunnah，al-shi’āh，al-khawarij，al-mu‘tazilah，contemporary annotation，and the different languages in annotation-Arabic language and various foreign languages all indicate the academic orientations in this field of study and reflect its profound development.Al-qur’ān.annotation bears a rich variety in style，content and social impact and contributes greatly to the profundity of ‘ilm al-Tafsir.These annotations not only feed new elements in Islamic cultural development，but become the indispensable academic achievement in human civilization.

The cultural，social，philosophical as well as temporal features embedded in Al-qur’ān.annotations are in a large sense summarize Al-qur‘ān.Al-qur’ān.annotation is the epitome of Islamic culture，the combination of various schools within Islamic religion，the necessary impetus for the Islamic social development，and is the representation of how Islam keeps its pace with social development.In brief，Al-qur‘ān.annotation shoulders a special academic task with its significant academic value，social function and historical meaning.

This project focuses mainly on the subject of Al-qur’ān.annotation.It is expected through this study of Al-qur‘ān.annotation to explore in depth the core of Islamic culture，to advance the Al-qur’ān.study in China，to extend Chinese Islamic religious study，to enrich the subject design in Arab study，Islamic study and Middle East study，and to mediate and enhance actively the mutual understanding between Chinese culture and Islamic culture.

Key word：Islamic culture Holy Al-qur‘ān.Al-tafsir