流畅朗读句子的4大要点
很多人都以为只要听懂了每个单词,就算听明白了。但实际情况是“只想着听懂单词,就可以万事大吉,是远远不够的”,因为人们在说话的时候,往往伴随着一些语调上的变化,这些不同的语调淋漓尽致地表现了人们怀疑、肯定、激动、感叹等众多情感的变化。比如说“你没听清楚别人的讲话,希望对方再重复一下”,就要说“升调”的I beg your pardon。但是如果“你不小心踩到了别人的脚上”,就要用到“降凋”的I beg your pardon. 看来同样的一句话,由于“语调”的不同,意思也就有所差别。所以如果你还不太清楚“英语语调”的知识,就和我们一起研究它们的妙用吧。
首先要知道英语主要有三种语调,分别是升调、降调和降升调。
先说说“升调”,它一般表示“不确定”、“话还没有说完”或者“礼貌”。经常用于下面几类句型中:
1.一般疑问句
Is he coming tonight?
Have you got the tickets?
2.反问句
You are definitely coming?
You like it?
3.表示安慰或鼓励
Come with us.
4.重复
When did you come?
如果要表示出“说话人改变主意,或话外有话之意”,就可以让“降升调”大显身手了。它主要出现在下面的句式中:
1.有对比的陈述句
You can come on Tuesday but not Monday.
He doesn't want it but his brother may.
2.含保留意见的陈述句
I know his face.
I like the colour of your dress.
3.否认或矛盾
I can't do it.You can.
4.警告
Be careful.Don't be late.
上面这些关于语调的基本知识虽然总结起来条条框框的,但在实际生活中,你常常会自觉地运用各种语调来表达你的情感,比如说你想让淘气的孩子跟着你出去,就会用“降调”的肯定的语气说到Come with me;如果你还没有确定对方是否和你出去吃饭,就可以用“升调”问Come with me,表示“和我出去怎么样啊”。这种“试探性”的语气细细体会起来,“什么场合用什么语调”还真是很自然的事情。今后在看“美国原版影片”的时候,多多注意一下影片中人物的语音语调,模仿几次之后,你就可以灵活运用了!
要点1:句子的停顿
为了使意思表达的更加清楚或为了换气的需要,人们在说话或朗读时经常需要停顿。
标点符号往往被用来决定句中停顿的长短。例如:
1.在一个使用句号的句子末尾,往往可以有较长的停顿。例如:
This is Tianjin University of Technology.
这是天津理工大学。
2.在一个长句中,意群与意群之间的停顿则较短。这些停顿往往由逗号、分号、冒号等加以分开。例如:
When winter comes,it gets colder and colder,and the days get shorter.
到了冬天,天气越来越冷,白天越来越短。
牛刀小试
The family is a co-operative enterprise for which it is difficult to lay down rules,because each family needs to work out its own ways for solving its own problems.
家庭就像是一个合作式的企业一样,很难制定统一的规则,因为每个家庭都需要自己的独特解决问题的办法。
要点2:句子的意群
一个句子可以按照意义和语法结构分成几个部分,每一个部分称为一个意群。
意群是根据意义、语法和语调这三个因素来划分的。从语义、语法上讲,意群必须是能表达某种意思的一个词、一组词、一个短语或一个分句,一个从句或主句。从语调来讲,意群必须是可以用降调、升调来朗读的一个语调单位。例如:
Before 1949,|I used to live in Hong Kong|and worked as a teacher.
1949年以前,我住在香港,在那里教书。
从以上例句可以看到,一个较长的句子一般都有两个或三个意群。意群根据其在句中位置可以分为句首意群、句中意群和句末意群。例如:
句首意群的语调在较长的语句中通常用升调,表示作为句子的开始部分,意思不完整,尚需下文,这是升调的功能之一。当然,如果句首意群所表示的是比较完整的意义,也可使用降调。例如:
He put the letter into the envelope,|smoked a cigarette|and then walked out of his room.
他把信放进信封,抽了支烟,然后走出了房间。
句中意群通常也用升调表示,理由和句首意群常用升调相同。如用降调则表示意义完整、语义重要,和后面的部分联系并不密切。例如:
When she learned that,|she was very angry|and decided to punish the man.
她知道这件事后非常生气,决定惩罚这个男人。
句末意群在较长的陈述句、特殊问句、选择问句以及惊叹句末尾通常用降调。例如:
Last month she went to Florida to see her mother.
这是一个陈述句,一般用降调。
What are you going to do when you finish school?
这是一个特殊问句,一般用降调。
Would you like to work in Beijing or in Hong Kong?
这是一个选择疑问句,or后面的部分要用降调。
What a wonderful time we had last night!
这是一个惊叹句,用降调。
要点3:句子的重音
在句子中,并非所有的单词都要重读。一些单词失去重音,而另一些单词要重读。这些重读的音节就构成了句重音。
一般来说,实词在句子中需要重读,包括名词、形容词、数词、主要动词、副词及部分代词;虚词在句子中需要弱读,包括冠词、介词、连词、助动词、人称代词、关系代词等。
例如:
I am'reading a'very'interesting'novel.
'Dress yourself more'neatly.
牛刀小试
朗读下列句子,注意重读和弱读音节。
1.They'll visit the museum on Friday.
他们星期五将要参观博物馆。
2.Some are better than others.
一些比另外一些要好。
3.I came to your room,but you were out.
我来到你的房间,但是你出去了。
4.By the way,can you come up next week?
顺便问一下,你下周能来吗?
5.Let's have some ham and eggs.
让我们吃一些火腿和鸡蛋。
6.She's just as good as he is.
她和他一样优秀。
7.What are they staring at?
他们在盯着看什么?
8.Where did he come from?
他从哪里来?
9.This is the most beautiful place I've ever been.
这是我去过的最美丽的地方。
10.I think he should be at home now.
我想他现在应该在家。
11.He could do it if he would.
如果他愿意他就做了。
要点4:句子的语调
语调(intonation),即说话的腔调,就是一句话里声调(pitch)高低、抑扬、轻重的配制和变化。世界上没有一种语言是用单一的声调说出的,英语有五种基本语调:升调(↗)、降调(↙)、升降调(∧)、降升调(∨)以及平调(→)。一句话除了词汇意义(lexical meaning)还有语调意义(intonation meaning)。所谓词汇意义就是话中所用词的意义,而语调意义就是说话人用语调所表示的态度或口气。一句话的词汇意义加上语调意义才算是完整的意义。同样的句子,语调不同,意思就会不同,有时甚至会相差千里。请看如下例子:
A:Jean,can you bring me the newspaper?
B:Sorry?(↗)
Jean用升调说Sorry,其意思是I didn't hear you.Could you say that again,please?
我们再看下句:
A:Jean,can you bring me the newspaper?
B:Sorry.(↙)
在第二个对话中,Jean 用降调说Sorry,显然其意思是拒绝帮助或无能为力。
降调
降调用在以下几种情况中:
1.普通陈述句。例如:
Tom is not a very good lawyer,I'm afraid. John comes from Australia.
My watch does not work. France is a beautiful country.
Mary and I live in the same dormitory. I am forty years old.
2.特殊疑问句。例如:
What does he do for a living? What is the weather like today?
3.表示命令的祈使句。例如:
Be quiet. Come here.
4.感叹句。例如:
What a shame! How weird!
My godness! What a beautiful day!
How strange! What nonsense!
What a pretty gift it is!
How wonderful it is to take a walk after supper!
5.选择疑问句的最后选择部分。例如:
Is she American or British?
Did you put your money in the wallet or in your pocket?
6.反意疑问句的前一部分。例如:
You are a teacher,aren't you?
Let's go to school together,shall we?
7.作答语的简短问句。例如:
—Tome is absent today. —Is he?
—I went to the movies last night. —Did you?
升调
升调一般用来表示不确定、不完整或者表示礼貌。一般来说,在如下几种情况下要用到升调。
1.表示怀疑和不肯定的一般疑问句。例如:
Have you ever been to ?
Can you speak ?
Can you talk to him ?
Shall we go to see ?
Is it the book you are ?
2.陈述疑问句。例如:
I must go to work on ?
You are angry with ?
3.选择问句前面的选择部分。例如:
Do you like ,or fish?
Is it ,or red?
4.反意疑问句的附加问句。例如:
You are a teacher,?
You cannot speak English,?
You have finished your work,?
Tom didn't get there in time,?
We shall not have time,?
5.语句未完的短语或列举。例如:
He sat down by my side,took out a small piece of paper and gave it to .
I like maths,English,Physics and .
6.句首的状语。例如:
A moment ,she arrived home.
Under the sits the fat cat.
7.有礼貌的请求。例如:
Take a .
Follow me,.
8.语气显得友好和关切的特殊疑问句。例如:
Where did you go for ?
What's your ?